how far is censorship beneficial to man?

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Censorship has been defined as ‘the removal of material that is deemed or judged offensive to any sector of the population.’ Many have wondered, “Just how beneficial is censorship to man, when is it enough and does it help?” It is my view however; that there is no clear answer to that question, for censorship has its fair balance of advantages and disadvantages.

One advantage that most people can agree on is that censorship protects the young, the innocent and the vulnerable. It is built on the premise that we don’t always know what is good for us, we don’t always discern and as a result we don’t always know what should be removed. For example, many movies on television are censored. However, a research study performed by the Concordia University of the United States, found that there are over one thousand images of violence on primetime television per week! People don’t realize the effects of this, it’s desensitizing, there is increased violence and the inability to differentiate reality from fantasy. It pollutes their mind and they eventually emulate what they see. One example that can prove this, is an incident that occurred in the year 16 in England. Two-year-old Jamie Bulger was kidnapped by two ten year olds outside a shopping mall. They dragged him two miles on a train railway and beat and mutilated his head continuously. Upon investigation, they said that they had viewed “Child’s Play II” over one hundred times and were emulating parts of the movie. This shows the influence of television and the need to protect these minds.

However, while this is a valid reason for censorship, I do believe that it goes against freedom of choice. People should be able to choose what they want to view and make their own judgments. When it comes to the young and the innocent, parents should be the primary censors. Which is why I believe that the lack of censorship in “Child’s Play II” should not be considered fully responsible for the unfortunate and gruesome incident that occurred. For me it raises the question, “where were their parents?” For it simply could have been avoided if their parents had not allowed them to view what was obviously not suitable for their age. We choose what we want to see and until we are of age to know what should be viewed and what should not, our parents should accept this role.

Another argument for censorship is that it is necessary to ensure social harmony. Society is made of people from different races, religion and gender and censorship ensures the protection of all rights. Many people, especially artists, can be very unscrupulous. They “bastardize” their art by targeting other groups, sensationalizing certain things. For example, a few years ago, there was a religious group called Thusians, they were printing out tracks against Hindus and were eventually banned. There was also an incident where a local artiste by the name of Sugar Aloes sang about the Prime Minister’s wife. Another example was that of writer Salman Rushdie. He was exiled from England due to a book he put out called ‘Satanic Verses.’ It was a condemnation of Islam and a death threat was put on his head by religious leader Iotolla Comini. This shows that censorship is necessary to protect groups and political matters as some artists cheapen their art form, with their aim being money, fame or some other ulterior motive.




While censorship is needed to ensure social harmony, it also negates freedom of speech. People should be allowed to express themselves and say what they feel or believe without being restricted. However, self-expression doesn’t mean that you can say absolutely anything. For with self-expression comes responsibility and therefore people should ensure they don’t offend anyone.

We have looked at many arguments for and against censorship and I believe people have to decide for themselves, whether censorship is beneficial or not. After viewing the arguments, I personally believe that censorship is a myth. It is widely used as a means of protecting the mind however; it is my view that censorship rarely works efficiently due to the high availability from other sources of what is being censored. For example, a song may be censored or banned due to excess profanity; I can easily get the ‘hard core’ version through several different means. So the effectiveness of censorship is in the eyes of the observer.



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Definition of a Hero

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Definition of a Hero even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Definition of a Hero in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

According to the NEW WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY AND THESAURUS of the English Language, a hero is a man of exceptional quality who wins admiration by noble deeds, esp. deeds of courage. The male character of a play, novel, etc. about whom the action turns and in whose fate the readers or audience are sympathetically involved. A man of superhuman powers, regarded as a demigod after his death.

I believe that out of those three the best definition would be the first one. It is the closest definition we have to define the word hero. In my own personal opinion, I think a hero is someone who is self-less, courageous, compassionate, and forgiving. I can say I know heroes but not the kind you might be thinking, the ones I know did not save the world or destroy evil creatures. The heroes I know have loved me all my life and I will love them all my life. You might know heroes just as I do and they might even be people I know. I know that my mom and dad are heroes because they meet my standard of one. My grandparents are heroes to me because they show the characteristics of what I think a hero is.

Close to two years ago the tragic /11 occurred and probably brought forth the most heroes this country had seen in awhile. The firefighters and police officers and all those who worked hard to save lives at ground zero are considered to be heroes by all and I agree. Now, the soldiers in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other countries are the heroes to Americans and maybe to other nations, too.

I believe completely that we need heroes in our lives. If we did not have these people called heroes, we would not have people to set an example for the future of our nation. I think our country might have an excess amount of superheroes such as Spider-Man, Batman, Superman, the Green Lantern, Wonder Woman, and Captain America. There are so many more than just these few, and I am not saying it is a bad thing to have so many super hero figures but I think it distorts children’s idea of a true hero. Granted the kids the read or watch these super heroes are only between 4-1 they should still know who the real heroes are.




When I was watching the History Channel during the summer one night, I saw an episode on comic book heroes and they explained how the writers of the comics used the heroes politically as well as a source of amusement. In the one comic the writers had a super hero beating up Nazis because of the war that was happening at the time. I thought that was very clever and amusing at the same time.

In conclusion, I think society knows who the true heroes are and they know who the comic book heroes are. America’s emphasis on heroes is not over done at all, people know who their heroes are and love them.



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dsadsa

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like dsadsa even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like dsadsa in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

The best book ever

A fourteen year old who loves to read almost anything under the sun

I loved this book. When I was in seventh grade I checked it out of our little school library because it had a lot of points--wed read books, take a test, and receive a certain number of points for that book. If we got everything correct, we got full points, and we needed many points to pass English every trimester.

I didnt realize I was going to fall in love with the characters. Each person is beautifully made, intricate, and unique. You grow to know everyone in the story. Margaret Mitchell doesnt let any detail slide. She describes Scarlett beautifully.




Scarlett is perhaps the most interesting character Ive ever read. I hate her completely, and yet love her just the same. She was the most spoiled brat, and yet I felt like I was part of her, or she was part of me.

Also, Margaret Mitchell does a good job of justifying the Confederates reasons for breaking off from the United States. Although I dont agree with slavery at all, I could see where the southerners came off, believing as they did, and even felt a little angry at the northerners for being so hotheaded themselves.

For those of you who have seen the movie and liked it, buy this book, its ten times better. And for those of you who disliked the movie, still get the book. It is very much different from the movie, you get in the whole world, and they left out so much in the movie. For instance, Scarlett ... well, just read it, its good.

Gone With the Wind Review #

You too will be swept away

Visit a time when women were hoop-skirted ladies and men treated them with charming, exaggerated kindness and respect. Take a ride in a horse carriage to a ball, and there be introduced to some of the most memorable people youll ever meet. Im refering to the exciting experience of Gone With The Wind. Nothing you ever read will captivate, motivate, affect, or teach you more. The characters are so real that they become part of your life, they change your life. Scarlett Ohara is the most beautiful, unforgettable heroine of any novel. Spoiled and self-centered, but theres still no denying that shes a very intelligent, strong person. You get to know Scarlett so well that she becomes part of you, and she even changes how you view yourself and your life. You fall in love with dashing, dark, handsome, mysterious, yet, charming Mr. Rhett Butler. Not to exclude the other wonderful personalities of Ashley Wilkes, sweet Melanie, Aunt Pitty Pat, and certainly not excluding Mammy. Witness the horror of the Civil War, and learn the truth about the Old South. While also learnig about love, life, and the exciting unpredictablities of both. I love, adore, and cherish GWTW! If youve read Im certain you fell the same. If you havent read GWTW I could cry for you! You are missing out on the chance of a lifetime, truly! You simply must read it!

Gone With the Wind Review #

Amazing book

I first read Gone With the Wind as a freshman in high school, and now 6 years later its still one of my favorites. I have always loved the movie version, and the book is even better. Mitchell creates wonderful characters--you may not LIKE all of them, but theyre amazing nonetheless.

GWTW is just amazing southern lit...it may seem long, but trust me it flies by. If you like the movie then definitely read the book--you wont be disappointed.



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Data Search

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Data Search even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Data Search in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

BACKGROUND

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to determine how customer service and return policies in the retail industry, primarily WAL-MART, can be improved. It has been thought for many years now that outstanding customer service and liberal return policies satisfy the average retail consumer. The more convenient their shopping experience is the more apt they are to return to the store. This is thought to be very much the same with return policies. The more liberal the return policy is, the more apt a customer is to shop at that store. People buying gifts want to be assured they can be refunded if their friend or companion is not satisfied. This is the same for themselves also. The customer wants to be assured they are getting their bang for their buck so to speak. If they do not, they expect to be refunded or provided an opportunity to exchange merchandise. The question that the WAL-MART, as well as other retailers need ask, is if making return policies more liberal will help improve customer service and profits, or hurt profits by increasing return rate.

Personal Interview




Name of Firm WAL-MART Stores, Inc.

Contact Brendan Barrett, Store Manager in Delafield, WI

(Taped Session)

STORE HISTORY

Opening Date May 17, 18

General Information WAL-MART is a well-known retail giant that serves customers nationally and internationally. WAL-MART provides customers with just about any of their household needs including domestics, house wares, electronics and in Super centers, groceries. They are well known for their low prices, outstanding customer service and liberal return policies as an overall corporation. This has begun to decline in some stores individually.

Main Competitors

Target, K-Mart, Menard’s, Osco, Walgreen’s, Shopko

CUSTOMERS

Do you feel that all of the store’s customers carry the same feelings about good customer service and lenient return policies?

Overall, I think that everyone feels that these are needed in the store, but some people are more emotional and more apt to act on a concern than others.

How do you feel the customer service is in the store?

I feel that the customer service is excellent. The employees have good knowledge of store products and meet the needs of the customer every time it is possible. This is the same for the managers. WAL-MART is well known for its overall outstanding customer service.

Do you feel that WAL-MART serves its customers better than any of its competitors?

Of course! Every store does not always abide by the corporate rules but as a whole unit, WAL-MART has a competitive advantage in this area.

Do you feel that when customers complain, they are generally upset about an experience in the store or do you feel the customer is letting out frustration or stress from other problems?

I am not a psychologist but I will say that a lot of customers get upset and yell at employees/managers with no argument, rhyme or reason. Although it appears that the customer is stressed about other things, it is important to listen to them and do what you can to make them remember how pleasant you were with them and willing to fix a problem.

Can you honestly say that you have satisfied every customer that has come through the store?

Of course not. If that were the case, we wouldn’t do research to find out how to keep good customer service and high profits constant.

RETURN POLICIES

You feel that strict return policies and poor customer service are the downfall of major retail companies such as Montgomery Ward and K-Mart?

I definitely think that it has a significant role. If the service is horrible and the return policies are inconvenient, than who in their right mind is going to want to shop there. I also think that store cleanliness and lack of marketing/advertising have a major role.

How do you feel WAL-MART’s return policies compare with other stores?

I’ll say the same thing I did with our customer service. WAL-MART is well known for its leniency when it comes to returning merchandise. Customers prefer this for couple of reasons. The first reason is for the honest customers. They feel that if they are not satisfied with a product of ours, they should be able to return it in any manner. We give this to them so they will come back and shop again. It is also a matter of convenience. The second reason customers prefer our return policies is directed towards the thieves. They like our store because if they manage to steal something or bought something over a year ago, we will return it without a receipt or at least give them credit toward the store. This creates major “shrinkage” problems, however, in my opinion, the honest customers out-weigh the thieves and even though we are returning more merchandise, we have more returning customers that are satisfied. This creates more profit in the long run.

How do you feel about the strictness of Target’s return policies?

I don’t really care because I don’t work for them but I will say that their annual “shrinkage” is much less that ours. (Shrinkage means unexplained loss of merchandise or profits.) Target does well with annual sales despite the strict policies, but then you have to look who is the highest grossing retailer in the market today. It’s us so we must be doing something right.

Is there anything that you feel the company can do to improve the return policies and customer service?

Customer service can always be improved. This is done primarily through more training of product knowledge and the hiring of friendlier and more personable employees that are able to deal with stressful encounters. When it comes to our return policies, I feel that even though Target is very strict, they have found a way to combat the “no receipt rule.” They offer gift receipts that don’t have the price on them. These can be given to people receiving gifts. A lot of other retailers started to catch on to that and I feel it may be a good idea for us.

Are there any future plans to add or change any of the return policies?

No

ARTICLE RESEARCH

Keeping Up With the Vigilante Consumer

By Patricia Fripp

In this article Patricia Fripp exposes the “vigilante consumer”. This sounds more horrible than it actually is. A “vigilante consumer” is one who is a customer that is persistent in making sure they get value, service, convenience and a lot of attention when they spend their hard earned dollar. She offers a variety of tips to the retail industry as to how to maintain the customer service that is demanded in today’s world. Some of the tips that are brought to the reader’s attention include the basics. This means starting from the beginning. Make sure the customer is aware of your return policies. By doing this, you can eliminate negative encounters with customers. Patricia also mentions strategic alliances are a plus. In the retail industry it is not always a bad thing to follow a trend. This may include following other competitors when a positive customer service policy is instilled. This article pertains to the research because it offers ways to make customer service and return policies better as well as identifying the importance of the two in the retail industry.

Not All Customers Are Created Equal

By Jim Dion

This article proposed by Jim Dion goes into detail about the change in attitudes, needs and wants of the consumer over the years. Thirty plus years ago, customers were segmented by age, job, education and sex. Findings were that services provided generally appealed to those particular groups. In present times, people cannot be segmented into these categories because the majority of them express different values and opinions. They all shop in different ways, become satisfied in different ways and become upset in different ways. The key to finding customer satisfaction is to target the areas or common trends of the industry as a whole that raise concerns. Jim has categorized people in three different categories. The first group accounts for the most profits and that accumulates to anywhere from 10-0%. The second group has potential to help gain significant profits and they account for 40-50% of shoppers. The third group, known as the “bottom feeders”, represents 0% of the customer base. These customers rarely purchase merchandise and see shopping as a social experience. Little attention should be paid to them. According to the article, in the 170’s there was only a 1% return to stores. In present times, the return rate is nearly 5%. This article is vital information to the research because it helps identify and locate problems. By categorizing people in proper segments and understanding their behaviors, you can begin to improve areas of customer service.

Does the Early Bird Get to Return?

By John Ewoldt

This article displays information on how the customer can assure that a store will return their unwanted goods. It basically provides customers with an easy way to avoid problems at the return desk. One constant tip in the article was to keep receipts and don’t pull off tags. Other advice was to ask about holiday return policies. This article is interesting and parallel to the research because by merely posting and article such as this, you can assume that returning merchandise overall is an inconvenience to the customers. This recognizes the problem. John directs this article towards the consumer instead of the retailer. This may suggest that most of the problem lies with a lack knowledge on return policies by the consumer.

Hassle Free Returns-What You Need To Know About Returning Items At Retail Stores

By Melody Vargas

This article provides yet more ways to side-step potential problems at the return counter when returning merchandise. This article is directed towards the consumer as well. Suggestions include keeping receipts, asking for gift receipts, knowing the retailer’s return policy, and not delaying the return. These problems can be looked at by the retailer in terms of ways to combat inconvenience. This may include extending return time, adding gift receipts, etc.

Tough New Rules of Returns

By Sandra Evans

What is described in this article is an overall tightening of return policies in the retail industry in recent years. Major areas affected in the policy changes include electronics, movies and music. Part of the problem stores were having was amazing. People would bring back large television sets the day after the Super Bowl, and chainsaws after they have cut down a tree. This concept has been dubbed as “renting” by the retail industry. According to the article, retail stores lose an estimated 15 billion dollars per year in returns. This pertains to the research because it may suggest a larger problem in the overall retail industry. It also suggests that it may do more good for stores to tighten up on their return policies rather than loosen them.

Rewarding Employees 7 Tips for Success

By Fredrick F. Reichheld, W. Earl Sasser, Jr.

This article stresses the importance of rewarding employees. According to the article, by rewarding employees you are instilling a more positive attitude in them. This will in turn help benefit the company. The happier the employee is, the happier and friendlier they will be to the customer. Mr. Reichheld and Mr. Sasser offer seven tips to successful rewarding

1. Don’t rely on rewards to fix a problem

. Don’t reward employees for doing what’s expected

. Don’t be cheap with your reward

4. Avoid to much Extravagance

5. Reward more than just performance

6. Make sure the reward is meaningful to the recipient

7. Reward Employees who complain

The last tip is good because if someone points out a problem and nothing is done to fix it, it will make other employees upset as well. This article pertains to the research because it may be a way to improve customer service. Making sure your employees are happy or maintaining a positive atmosphere will get passed down to the consumer.

American Express and the NRF Foundation Unveil Landmark American Retail Excellence Study

Unknown Author

This article was about the American Express Company aiding in building the American Retail Excellence Study. This is a very large study based on the quality of retail companies. 1 of them were noted in the study. Areas of the study include customer service, store cleanliness and store policies. Some of the top companies were Bluefly, Talbot’s, The Home Depot, Homer Reed Ltd., and The Kittery Trading Post. This article relates to my research because it identifies research taking place that pertains to all aspects of the retail industry. When stores are recognized on a positive note it is obviously good for the company. When it is recognized as bad, it is apparent that certain areas are in need of change. A professional study such as this can identify industry trends pertaining to customer service and return policies.

K-MART’S FAILURE- Blame Lack of Customer Service and Cost Consciousness

By John Tschohl

According to John Tschohl, poor customer service and cost management ruined the one time retail giant, K-Mart. The article makes constant comparisons with WAL-MART. Operating costs for WAL-MART were much lower than K-MART. The article also states that dollars were being passed on more to executives than the company itself. This was not the case with WAL-MART. More dollars were put into their store to provide the customers with a better shopping experience, thus creating a substantially larger amount of profit for them. This article relates directly to the research in the sense that it links major downfalls in companies to the type of research being conducted.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

WAL-MART Ratings- (Curtesy of www.BizRate.com)

Overall rating- Overall purchase experience in the store 8. of 10

Would Shop Here Again 8. of 10

Ease of Ordering- Speed of Checkouts 8.7 of 10

Product Information- Product Knowledge 8. of 10

Prices- Relative to competitors 8.7 of 10

Product Selection 8. of 10

Customer Support- Complaint/question handling 7. of 10

Product Met Expectations 8.8 of 10

• This information helps the research significantly. It provides a general rating and overview of WAL-MART stores. Policies, question handling customer service were all addressed. This information aids in exposing areas that need to be improved.

WAL-MART Customer Reviews- (Courtesy of www.walmart.com/BizRate.com; separate as previous information)

Overall Experience Past Week Past Month Past Months

Positive 6% % 84%

Neutral % 5% 4%

Negative % % 1%

• This Data may be used to help determine the reason of decline in customer satisfaction over monthly time periods

Target, Inc. Company Report Card- (Courtesy of www.planetfeedback.com)

Overall Satisfaction Grade C+

Planet Feedback Breakdown

Top Complaints

Staff .7%

Other 6.0%

Returns/Exchanges 1.%

Selection/Availability 6.7%

Price/Value .8%

• This information will aid in determining what the major problems in WAL-MART, Inc. could possibly turn into when dealing with returns and customer service. It will provide a gateway to brainstorm ways to always stay ahead of Target and other major competitors.

General Business Statistics- (Courtesy of www.fripp.com)

• If you increase customer retention by 5%, you will increase store profit by 100%

• Disposable income is growing only % every year

• U.S. businesses will invest more than $1 billion this year on computer technology, just for customer service departments

This data provides incentive to research ways to increase customer retention with little money to work with. It also solidifies the significance of spending on customer service with businesses spending $1billion annually. It will aid in looking into the area of computer technology in customer service.

CONCLUSION

The validity of strong customer service and convenient return policies is significant in the retail industry. When observing the retail industry, one can make the statement that many different policies pertaining to returns and customer service exist; especially from store to store. These have all had different reactions from customers. There is definitely a different atmosphere and customer attitude when you walk into a WAL-MART as opposed to a Target or K-MART. Some of the research provided indicates this difference in companies and their popularity to the consumer.

Conducting a survey and research to determine how to improve in this area will benefit not only WAL-MART; it will benefit other stores moving in the same direction. There are definitely apparent trends in the research presented. The information gathered accurately portrays WAL-MART, as well as other stores mentioned. The information gathered is proof alone that there is an importance of customer service and return policies in the industry. There is an abundant amount of information available. The information chosen in this report is the most accurate as well as the most trend defining.





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Management

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Table of Contents

Introduction……..………………………………………………..

Job Satisfaction………….…………….…………………………

Hierarchy of Needs Theory…………………….…………….




ERG Theory……………………………………………………

Evaluate the impact of the key work related attitudes of job satisfaction and organisational commitment on work performance

The attitudes that managers are most concerned with are those related to work, particularly attitudes that affects how well an employee performs. Effective managers should seek to develop the kinds of attitudes that are associated with high performance. Two attitudes that may relate to high performance are job satisfaction and commitment to the organisation.

Job Satisfaction refers to A positive attitude toward one’s job and Organisational Commitment refers to Loyalty and heavy involvement in ones’ organisation. (Management 000470).

This essay will evaluate the key-related attitudes including both positive and negative and discuss the factors which determines job satisfaction. It will examine the work of theorists such as Abraham Maslow, Clayton Alderfer and Fredrick Herzberg and consider their contribution to the elements invlolved in achieving job satisfaction. And finally, it will discuss the importance of commitment by the organisation in order to ensure that an acceptable level of work performance is achieved.



Motivation



Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The concept of a hierarchy of needs was advanced by Abraham Maslow (14), a phychologist. Maslow proposes that humans are motivated by a variety of needs, and that these needs exist in a hierarchial order as shown in the table below.

Fulfillment off the Job Need Hierarchy Fulfillment on the Job

Education, religion, hobbies, personal growth Self-Actualisation Needs Opportunities for training, advancement, growth, creativity

Approval of family, friends, community Esteem Needs Recognition, high status, increased responsibilities

Family, friends, community groups Belongingness Needs Work groups, clients, co-workers, supervisors

Freedom from war, pollution, violence Safety Needs Safe work, fringe benefits, job security

Food, water, sex Physiological Needs Heat, air, basic salary

Management (Fifth Edition)

· Physiological Needs These are the most basic human physical needs that we require to survive and these include food, water and sex. Work related basic life needs can be satisfied with heat, air and a basic salary.

· Safety Needs These are the needs that we require for physical and emotional security. Safety needs reflect the needs for safe jobs, they may be satisfied through job security, health insurance, pension plans, and safe working conditions.

· Acceptance Needs These needs reflect the desire to be accepted by ones peers, to have friendships, to be part of a group and to be loved. In the organisation, these needs influence the desire for good relationships with collegues and managers and also to participate in work groups.

· Esteem Needs These include the need for respect and recognition (the esteem of others) as well as a personal sense of accomplishment and worth (self-esteem). These may be satisfied through personal accomplishment, promotion to a more responsible job title, various appraisals and rewards, and other forms of recognition.

Two Factor Theory….…………………………….……………..

Organisation Commitment……………………………………….

Summary…………………………………..……………………..

Conclusion…………………………………….…………………



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The Changing Workplace

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The Changing Workplace

My Uncle started working at a very large construction company after severing four years in the United States Navy. He started as a general laborer and learned all aspects of the job. Slowly he worked his way up the ladder, never considering moving on to another company. After a decade of holding various positions within the company, he became manager of a large department. After 40 years, he retired with a sizeable pension and a company gift of a gold watch. He was a “company man”, like many men of his generation. According to Carlson (00), “For most of the 0th century, it was common for an individual to work for only one company during an entire career” (p.4).

There was a day when companies encouraged and valued the employee that started from the bottom and worked his or her way up the company ladder. According to Carlson (00), “Employees expected to work their way up through the ranks, starting at entry-level positions and gaining more and more experience as they were promoted to positions of greater responsibility. When an employee learned all the functions of a department, he or she moved into a supervisory position, and eventually into management” (p.4). This showed that employers valued the employee that was willing to demonstrate a “technical knowledge” (Carlson (00), p.4) of all aspects of his or her career.

In today’s changing workplace, just the opposite is true. According to Carlson (00), “in the 1st century, many people entering the workforce may work for as many as seven or eight different companies during their careers” (p.4).




It is common for today’s employee to obtain a skill set from one company that makes him or her valuable to another company; often these two companies are competitors (Carlson (00), p.4). My sister’s career path is an example of this changing philosophy. She just left her job as a Sale Analyst for a major sports trading card company in Carlsbad, California, for a better paying job with a competitor in Dallas, Texas. The Dallas based trading card company was willing to pay her for the knowledge and experience she had gain at her previous company.

According to Carlson (00), “today, management is viewed as a skill in itself” (p.4). Being an expert in a given field is not required to be an effective manager (Carlson (00), p.4). Companies often look for managers that have shown an ability to motivate people and achieve results (Carlson (00), p.4). In some cases being an outsider is considered an advantage. It allows them to come in with a new approach and fresh ideas that can be very beneficial to his or her new company.

Reference

Carolyn Carlson, Ph.D. “The Changing Workplace,” Workplace Monthly. New York Millenium Publishers, June, pg. 4.











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Character Analysis - The New Dress

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Character Analysis - The New Dress even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Character Analysis - The New Dress in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

I find Mabel in The New Dress by Virginia Woolf paradoxical. She portrays severe insecurity and a lack of self-esteem while at the same time a healthy and objective sense of self, causing her to try and surpass her limitations.

The fact that Mabels enjoyment in society is directly related to how same society perceives her, points to a lack of confidence. Not secure that the crowd at the party isnt snickering about her dress, Mabel can barely tolerate her short stay and leaves inexcusably early.

As she sits in the corner bemoaning her lack of style and acceptance, Mabel simultaneously addresses her known faults. She consistently compares herself to a fly struggling to climb out of the milk-saucer again pointing to her insignificant image of herself and the imperfection in her character that has to be dealt with.

When leaving the party she reaffirms the steps she will take to strengthen herself thereby becoming a greater social success.




Unfortunately though, the mere knowledge of her fault isnt enough. Mabel, with the best of intentions had already set out to overcome ingrained habit and optimistically fashioned an outdated dress due to a lack of funds. When it came down to it though, she couldnt pull it off, immediately interpreting words, gestures and looks as condemnation, and not posessing the strength or security to thrive in her difference.

Although Mabel posesses the strength that should see her through her fault, namely identifying her problem thereby being able to solve it, her character weakness is all encompassing and isnt likely to be overcome.





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Beef Eating V Veg Eating

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Beef Eating V Veg Eating even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Beef Eating V Veg Eating in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Is it healthy? Are you still getting enough vitamins? Is it natural? How can you live on that? These are questions that a vegetarian would get and a meat eater would get from people that don’t think that their diet is the correct one. But, which one is correct?

“Vegetus” means a spiritual and moral approach to life. There are two main types of vegetarians. The first one is just your normal vegetarian who doesn’t eat meat but they do eat dairy products. The other is a Vegan who doesn’t eat meat or dairy products as they believe the animal is being asked to produce more products that it can safely manage, they also believe that the animal is being harmed by being made to produce so much. But both of them believe that God has given them other options rather than meat to fulfil a healthy diet.

When people say that meat eaters are more aggressive than vegetarians, they may have a point. Because when an animal is about to be killed they produce an enzyme that contains aggression. When a human then eats the meat they receive aggression through the enzyme. Also in a recent survey it suggests that aggression levels are higher in meat eaters compared to vegetarians

Further more there has also been evidence to suggest that there is a greater chance of getting cancer if you eat meat. One of the possibilities for this may be the amount of time it stays in your system. In one case a man who hadn’t eaten meat in over 5 years when he had colonic irrigation they still found traces of meat in his intestines! This is because the intestines find it difficult to break down the meat and hard to get rid of it as well.




Even when the animal is growing up it is being mistreated. For example in the chicken farms the chicken has a living space of 1᠐1feet and the only reason it would get out of its pen is to get killed. From this extreme lack of exercise it doesn’t develop a backbone. It dose not even get fed real food, instead it gets drugs and antibiotics so it doesn’t get any diseases but it also doesn’t get any nutrition. This can’t be good for us to eat, drugged up animals that you haven’t a clue what’s in them, how can this be good for the animals either.

When people say that being vegetarian means that you will have almost no fat in your diet they’re wrong. Actually there may be even more fat than in a meat eaters diet. When they say that meat eaters take in too much fat do they think that meat eaters don’t run off most of the fat from the steak or cut off the fat around it? An example of a high fat dish, loved by vegetarians, is the “Brazilian Bake” it has more saturated fat in it than an average piece of meat.

Contrary to many peoples opinions beef today is leaner than 0 years ago, a result of advances in breeding, cattle feed and supermarket preparation methods. Yes, beef contains fat, including saturated fat, and cholesterol. But beef is also a good source of iron, protein, vitamins B, B5, B6 and B1, phosphorus and zinc. Consider that Beef provides percent of your daily needs for zinc, important for a healthy immune system. Three ounces of cooked beef contains 5 grams of protein, about 50 percent of the needs of most women. Three ounces of broiled top sirloin steak contains almost three mg of iron, almost three times as much iron as a three-ounce chicken breast.

Some people say that if you want to have a healthy diet you can’t eat meat, WRONG! If that’s so, then why do world class athletes have large amounts of meat in their diet? If it so unhealthy and full of fat why do world class athletes’ dieticians tell them to eat it? If you say what do they know about food I’ll tell you, dieticians know more about the right food to eat than any one else on the planet.

If you did just eat vegetarian food would you not get bored from eating the same thing over and over? If you ate meat you could eat anything from a good old steak from Ireland to eating a crocodile from S.Africa. What would you eat at Christmas when everybody else is eating a big Turkey? Christmas day is all about the Turkey!

Did you know that they put wax on apples so that they look shiny in the supermarkets? People say that there is a bigger chance of you getting cancer if you eat meat, I wonder if they know what’s in their so called “fresh” apples or pears? Some fruit and vegetables are treated with radiation so they have a longer shelf life and they don’t smell bad when they go off. There is also evidence supporting the claim that the chemicals in radiation can cause cancer.

If we didn’t eat any animals what would we do with all of them? Give them a country so they can have their own government? They would increase in numbers until there would be more animals than humans! I think its good that we don’t let their population get out of control. We have been eating meat for millions of years and we need meat so our bodies can be strong and healthy, why just suddenly stop now?

In conclusion I feel that people should carry on eating meat as we have been for the last few million years. The problem isn’t with the meat today it with the people who eat it. They eat an excessive amount of fatty foods and they do far too little exercise. This is shown by meat being 0% leaner today than in the past 0 years. The number of deaths per year relating to cholesterol problems has risen not fallen. So how can meat be blamed for all of these deaths if the fat levels in it have fallen?

As I am a meat-eater my self I still can’t understand why people would want to stop having beef in their diet totally, it tastes too good! I’m not suggesting that people should eat meat everyday of every week because too much of any thing is bad for you especially meat.

When people talk of the terrible conditions the animals have to endure and the chemicals injected into them, why buy them then? Everybody says how terrible it is yet very few stop eating meat! Where’s the sense in that! The people doing this to the animals are getting away with murder! We should buy free-range beef or beef from your butchers so that you do know what is in the meat that you are eating. We can put the people who are abusing the animals and taking advantage of the chemicals available to farmers today out of business, by not buying their products. Then the honest farmers’ who are losing out at the moment producing good quality meat, will be rewarded for the great honest jobs they carry out 65 days of the year.





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starbucks coffee icecream competitors

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Competition

The primary competition for Starbucks in this new endeavor consists of existing Ice Cream Scoop Shops. The main competitors in this arena are Cold Stone Creamery, Baskin-Robbins, and Ben & Jerry’s.

Cold Stone Creamery

Founded in 188, Cold Stone Creamery offers premium ice cream, yogurt and Italian sorbet with numerous mix-in combinations at over 00 stores in 46 states.




Baskin-Robbins

Founded in 145, Baskin-Robbins offers ice cream cones, sundaes, shakes, and other treats at over 4,500 locations around the globe. Baskin-Robbins serves more than 150 million ice cream cones per year in the United States.

Ben & Jerry’s

Founded in 178, Ben & Jerry’s offers ice cream cones, sundaes, smoothies, and more at 5 locations in the United States.

Other smaller competitors in the Ice Cream Scoop Shop market include independent ice cream and gelato shops.

By entering the ice cream scoop offering market, Starbucks has more competitors than before. Previously, Starbucks competed with Peet’s Coffee and other independent coffee shops in the gourmet coffee market.

Competitive Position

Starbucks is the first company to enter the hybrid market of offering gourmet coffee and ice cream scoops simultaneously. The fact that they will continue to specialize in offering gourmet coffee while adding the service of offering ice cream gives Starbucks a first mover advantage in this new hybrid market.

Ben & Jerry’s offers some coffee flavored frozen drinks and some hot coffee drinks, but their product offering does not compare with the vast coffee drink offering at Starbucks. Also, while traditional scoop shops offer a wide variety of ice cream flavors, Starbucks will focus on offering only Starbucks coffee ice cream flavors. Another factor that differentiates Starbucks from their Scoop Shop competitors is that Starbucks is known for their coffee first and foremost. Offering coffee drinks is Starbucks’ main business. The addition of ice cream scoops will not take away from their existing coffee drink business.

Market Share

Starbucks’ market share in the gourmet coffee drink market is quite substantial. Starbucks’ market share in the ice cream scoop market is rather small. However, Starbucks’ market share in the new hybrid market of gourmet coffee and ice cream scoops is near 100 percent. Of the coffee shops that offer gourmet coffee, Starbucks is the only one that offers ice cream scoops. Of the scoop shops that offer cups of coffee, very few offer gourmet coffee. Those that do offer gourmet coffee have a very limited selection of drinks.

Barriers to Entry

There are logistic barriers to enter the hybrid market of simultaneously offering gourmet coffee and ice cream scoops. The setup costs associated with installing the refrigerated display cases are one barrier. Whereas some coffee shops may not have the necessary capital to invest in refrigerated display cases, Starbucks is financially strong enough to deem these costs negligible. For coffee shops to begin offering ice cream, they must form distribution channels to transport the ice cream to their locations. To transport the ice cream to Starbucks locations, Starbucks may use pre-existing distribution channels that deliver their ice cream to supermarkets.

Other barriers to enter this new hybrid market include the issue of product promotion. The promotion costs associated with a new product may be cumbersome to some smaller coffee shops. Starbucks’ financial strength, brand recognition, and customer community allow for smooth promotion of new product and service offerings.

Future Competitors

Future competitors in this hybrid market may be other coffee shops, such as Peet’s Coffee, starting to offer ice cream scoops at their locations. At the same token, future competitors may include scoop shops starting to offer gourmet coffee.

Starbucks’ brand equity and first mover advantage into this hybrid market provide them with a strong position in this new market.



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Orgganisational development:career strategies in a post-modern world

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1. Introduction

In the past employment was represented by the traditional “job-for-life”. Permanent, full-time, “ to 5”, “Monday to Friday” work is no longer the only route to success. In today’s post-modern society, individuals are taking more responsibility for their lives as well as for their careers. People are masters as well as creators of their own futures. Such things as globalisation, the changing structure of the organisation, the reliance on Information Technology and the need for skill development have changed the way people theoretically see work as well as the way they practically go about work. The protean career has become a reality. Today the organisation is secondary and seen as the environment or context in which individuals pursue their careers. Careers are not inhibited by organisational boundaries, individuals move between organisations if they are equipped with the necessary transferable skills. Certain career strategies have come to the fore in response to the changing world of work in this post-modern society namely networking, mentorship relationships and skill development.

This essay deals with the above issues. The first issue that will be discussed is that of post-modernism and its relationship to the world of work. Secondly the ways in which the world of work has changed will be discussed and includes a brief explanation of work alternatives, change, technological impacts, just-in-time training, self-reliance, skill emphasis and globalisation. Next, the major trends in the dynamic world of work will be explored. The fourth topic is an examination of the implications of the changes in the organisation on careers and comprises a review of the protean career, boundaryless careers, continuous learning, new employment relationships and the concept of career security. Lastly, career strategies will be investigated

. Post-modernism




Post-modern culture is often presented as an alternative to existing society, which is seen as structurally limited or fundamentally flawed. The discussion of post-modern culture focuses to a great extent on an emerging new individual identity or subject position, one that abandons what may in retrospect be the narrow scope of the modern individual with its claims to rationality and autonomy (Poster, 15)

Post-modernity concentrates on the tensions of difference and similarity erupting from these globalisation processes circulation via people, cross-cultural interaction, interaction of local and global knowledge. Postmodernism manifests historical perspective of modernism and modernity.

(http//www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/46/pomo.htm#Comments)

Postmodernism is not just a philosophical movement it is found also, for example, in architecture, the graphic arts, dance, music, literature, and literary theory. As a general cultural phenomenon, it has such features as the challenging of convention, the mixing of styles, tolerance of ambiguity, emphasis on diversity, acceptance and celebration of innovation and change, and stress on the constructedness of reality (Hutchinson, 18).

The post-modern organisation may be defined as that comprising a networked set of diverse, self-managed, self-controlled teams with poly-centres (many centres) of coordination that fold and unfold according to the requirements of the tasks. Likewise, these teams are organised in a flat design, employees are highly empowered and involved in the job, information is fluid and continuous improvement is emphasised throughout (Boje, Gephart & Thackery, 000)

The post-modern organisational form has been used as a contrast to bureaucratic forms of organisation. Peter Drucker first applied the term post-modern to organisation, in 157, in a book titled, Landmarks of Tomorrow. By post-modern, Drucker meant a shift from the Cartesian universe of mechanical cause/effect (subject/object duality) to a new universe of pattern, purpose, and process. Such organisations are now called loosely coupled, fluid, organic, and adhocratic instead of the static bureaucratic structures that have traditionally preoccupied much of the organisation literature (Hardy & Palmer, 1).

. Changing world of work

The world of work has dramatically changed over the past 0 years, and as a result, how people earn their living and plan their work lives has transformed too.

.1 Variety of Work Alternatives Most significantly, different forms of work are being created to replace employment in a traditional “job-for-life”. Permanent, full-time, “ to 5”, “Monday to Friday” work is no longer the only (or best) route to success. Today, people may find themselves strategically multi-tracking (i.e. juggling a number of part-time positions) or perhaps working on a casual or part-time basis to better accommodate their other life roles. They could even work on short or long-term contracts, do consulting, or even start their own business.

. Change The new millennium’s workplace will be in rapid, constant change. If one can understand change and can manage it well, success will be the result.

. Technological Impacts Information technology continues to affect how people work, play and learn. Technology advancements have allowed for more flexibility in the work environment. One can expect to see an increase in the number of home offices and increased use of email, fax and computer technology.

.4 Just-in-time training Due to the information economy, it is virtually impossible to learn everything one needs to know ahead of time to do a job. Rapid learning will be expected. An individual has an advantage if he/she can learn and instruct quickly and make a commitment to life long learning.

.5 Fusion Jobs of the future will become hyphenated, or there will be a fusion of titles like graphic designer-webmaster or accountant-sales. One must be prepared for the importance of combining a variety of skills to a particular task.

.6 Self-Reliance Workers will need to be prepared to take the initiative in creatively marketing their skills and to be open to a variety of work alternatives. Individuals will need to be more responsible for his/her own career development.

.7 Emphasis on Skills “Skills security” is what workers should rely on versus the old “long-term job security”. Individuals must keep their skills current and market them effectively in growing areas of the economy, to increase their ability to find work. Individuals need to first identify and develop skill sets and then find areas of work where they can be applied.

.8 Globalisation

There have been enormous changes in the world of work, and they seem to be happening at an ever-increasing pace. Globalisation is the progressive integration of societies and national economies in different parts of the world. It is driven by the interaction of technological developments, trade and investment policy reforms, and the changing production, organisational and marketing strategies of multinational companies. The pace and depth of globalisation differ across countries and regions, but the main economic aspects of the process are essentially the same.

(http//www.ilo.org/public/english/region/ampro/cinterfor/temas/gender/doc/pacto/global.htm.)

Global forces of competition, deregulation, and new technology, are increasing the need for organisations, which can respond rapidly to market demand. Also, the shape of the organisation is changing. Examples include delayering, with organisations becoming leaner, where responsibility is passed further down the line, outsourcing, where many organisations have stripped their workforce down to those who perform the central or core functions, and other functions are outsourced, multi-disciplinary teams and project teams are a popular feature of many companies, emphasis on service activities, both internal and external to the organisation, and of course, the growing use role of Information Technology

Some common themes emerge both as issues for theoretical investigation and as practical strategies for organisational change. Alongside the emphasis on IT in supporting new organisational forms for the coordination and control of work, these themes are 1) the need for a greater reliance on knowledge creation and conversion; ) the decentralisation of organisational structures; ) the creation of more flexible patterns of intra and extra organisational relationships; 4) creating the conditions for a workforce which is not only more empowered but also imbued with a commitment to organisational goals. Information Technology is seen as a key element in these changes, especially systems that can facilitate coordination and communication of decision-making, and support skill and knowledge. (Zuboff, 188) Collaborative work, a central feature of organisations, is increasingly electronically supported, as proclaimed by the marked movement of computers into the world of work and organisation (Grudin, 10).

One of the organisational concepts which is receiving considerable attention is that of the virtual organisation’, a form of organisation which, it is claimed, implements the above themes. Its aim is to promote the constant innovation required for organisational success in the contemporary world (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 15). Just as organisations are perceived to have changed in response to technological developments so, too, have skill requirements.

. Major trends in the Changing World of Work include

· New technologies growing use of information and communication technology;

· Growth in the service sector, more specific risks (ergonomics and personal contact with people, stress, violence);

· New forms of work, such as tele-work, self-employment, subcontracting, temporary employment;

· Integration and globalisation;

· Ageing workforce;

· Raising employability through new qualifications, increasing interest in autonomous work;

· Changing management structures - organisations have become flatter, smaller and leaner;

· Increasing participation of women in the workforce;

· Growing number of SMEs, in which health and safety knowledge and resources are often insufficient;

· Increasing work pace and workload.

..1 New Forms of Work Organisations

The efforts of management worldwide to meet fast changing demands on production of goods and services have resulted in new forms of work organisation. As mentioned above, the aim is to create lean and flexible organisations for the core activities of companies. Activities that are not considered as belonging to the core production are outsourced and subcontracted. Companies with various core tasks create networks to assist each other when need arises. Especially in the sector of Information and Communication Technology an increasing number of consultants on self-employed basis are active.

(http//europe.osha.eu.int/research/rtopics/change/change.asp?tcid=)

.. New Forms of Contractual Relationships

The changes in working life have given rise to new contractual relationships. Temporary and fixed-term contracts between employers and employees are increasing. Even contracts stipulating work on demand/call have appeared on the labour market. The activities of employment agencies are considered an important asset in supplying staff with the right skill when needed. Consultants contracted for specific tasks are in increasing demand. The traditional permanent contracts still constitute however about 80% of existing employment contracts.

(http//europe.osha.eu.int/research/rtopics/change/change.asp?tcid=)

.. New Patterns of Working Time

As a consequence of organisational changes and demand for flexible production of goods and services the pattern of working hours is changing. Varying and irregular working hours are conditions, which especially staff in the service sector are faced with. Part-time work on permanent contract is also fairly common, and is sometimes an effect of downsizing an organisation. Night and shift work as well as weekend work fit well into the changes of the activities of the major industries and still constitute an important part of their work organisation. On the whole, working hours have become more irregular and unpredictable, and at the same time the individual control over working time seems to have decreased.

(http//europe.osha.eu.int/research/rtopics/change/change.asp?tcid=)

..4 Growing Use of new Technologies

In present working life information and communication technology (ICT) is rapidly growing in importance as a tool in the production of goods and services. ICT has made diffusion of workplaces within one and the same organisation possible. New types of ICT based activities, like information centres and reservation facilities, have been established in rural areas as distance is of no relevance with the new technology. The globalisation of business life has also been supported by ICT.

(http//europe.osha.eu.int/research/rtopics/change/change.asp?tcid=)

..5 Changes in the Workforce

The trend is that young people will, to a larger extent than older people, be employed on basis of the new, flexible forms of contractual relationships on the labour market. Employment policies related to working time often lead to gender segregation.

(http//europe.osha.eu.int/research/rtopics/change/change.asp?tcid=)

4. Implications of the changing organisation for careers

Most employment environments are changing from what we have been accustomed to. Here are some of the implications of these changes for our personal career management

Table 4.1 Implications of changes in organisations

Previously Now

Predictable futures Less certainty and more ambiguity in job roles.

Targeting moves to a specific job Matching yourself with work content based on your values

Carrying outset tasks Frequent task changes and working in teams.

Stable work situation Shifting organisational needs

Having one job title Having a range of roles; juggling many functions

Staying in one occupational stream Transferring your skills into many work fields

Avoiding change Embracing change

Defining career success by indicators from others Inner definition of self and what is worthwhile

Living with certainty Thriving in uncertainty

(adapted from Paul Stevens, Changing World of Work, The Centre for Worklfe Counselling)

4.1 Careers to become more protean (variable/changeable)

A movement has been taking place in the past two decades in steering away from the traditional 0 years and a gold watch work philosophy to a motion towards nonspecialised professionalism and individual growth.

According to Hall in Shreuder & Theron (001), the concept of a protean career encourages the employee to think differently about the relationship between employee and employer. Today the organisation is secondary and seen as the environment or context in which individuals pursue their careers. However the idea of a protean career does not appeal to everyone. It brings with it a decrease in external control and an increase in personal responsibility, which is often alarming for some people. The protean career is characterised by psychological success, management by the individual, continuous learning, a high level of self-awareness, personal responsibility and a high degree of mobility (Hall in Shreuder & Theron, 001).

Career management is increasingly viewed as the responsibility of the person rather than the organisation, resulting in a shift from the organisational career to the “protean career.” The authors define the protean career in the following terms

· Careers are managed by individuals, not organisations. Careers are a lifelong sequence of experiences, skills, learning, transitions, and identity changes.

· Development is continuous, self-directed, relational, and imbedded in work challenges.

· Development is not necessarily formal training, retraining, or upward mobility.

· Ingredients for success shift from know-how to learn-how; from job security to employment security; from organisational career to protean careers; and from “work-self” to “whole self.”

· The organisation provides challenging assignments, developmental relationships, information and other developmental resources.

· The goal is psychological success.

Both individuals and organisations need to take a more active role in developing their capacity to adapt to the new career realities in ways that produce healthier outcomes for all concerned (Hall & Moss, 18).

4. Boundaryless careers

In the boundaryless career individuals have ownership of their careers, that is, they manage their own careers. In this career environment employability is determined by performance and flexibility. Success is on an individual personal level, it is measured by meaningful work and milestones in the career are learning-related. Careers are not inhibited by organisational boundaries, individuals move between organisations if they are equipped with the necessary transferable skills (Gunz in Shreuder & Theron, 001). It must be noted however that although boundaries have degenerated in organisations and in individual careers they are not eliminated completely. Individuals will still encounter boundaries that may be self-imposed.

4. Career progress and success is redefined

There is a misconception that career success is represented by upwards (vertical movement up the corporate ladder and mastery of the job, however, even though this may be true for some, many people see success in a psychological context, in achieving personal goals. The traditional view of the career path, that is upward movement, is being replaced by movement across functional boundaries, highlighting the importance of multiple skills (Waterman in Shreuder & Theron, 001). Career success can also be measured in terms of the amount of learning that has taken place and marketable skills. Technical specialisation, cross-functional and international experience, collaborative leadership, self-management skill and flexibility are essential to future career success (Holbeche in Shreuder & Theron, 000).

4.4 Continuous learning

Changes are constantly taking place in all jobs at all levels. Employees need to develop new skills acquire more knowledge to keep up with these changes. According to London & Mone (in Shreuder & Theron, 001) “ continuous learning is the process by which one acquires knowledge, skills and abiltiies throughout ones career in reaction to and in anticipation of, changing performance criteria”.

4.5 Career resilience

For people to survive in the current working environment, they must develop resilience. Career resilience can be described as the ability to adapt to changing circumstances. In today’s working world, the development of career resilience has become a critical career competency (Shreuder & Theron, 001).

4.6 New employment relationship forged

Changes in the workplace are coupled with change in employment relations. The following types of employment relations are emerging

Long-term insiders core employees

Short-term insiders careerists and jugglers

Long-term outsiders pooled workers

Short-term outsiders temporaries and independent contractors

4.7 Security lies in employability rather than in employment

The structural nature of the post-modern organisation threatens employee security and stability. As mentioned above, the organisation is flatter, the workforce is downsized and new employment relations are formed. Security has therefore shifted from the organisation to the individual, that is, from employment to employability. Employment security lies in the individuals’ skills and reputation and is measured in terms of their future opportunities (Shreuder & Theron, 001).

5. Career strategies in the changing world of work

5.1 Networks and networking

Networking is an essential component of every career and campaign. In the new millennium, who you know will continue to be just as important as what you know. Individuals who fail to focus on initiating and maintaining professional relationships will find their career goals difficult to attain. The good news is that networking and relationship building are skills that anyone can learn to master.

Setting up networking meetings with friends, professional acquaintances, and referrals is the first step in the networking process. Where many individuals tend to get stuck is in knowing what to do and say once they have arrived at their networking meeting. Networking novices often make the critical mistake of being passive in their initial meetings. It is important to remember that the networking contact has agreed to take the time out of a busy schedule to meet. It is the individuals job to be focused and prepared for the meeting. Since most networking meetings tend to be short (0 minutes or less), it is critical to prepare an agenda before meeting with each networking contact.

Three types of networks will help you move forward.

Personal networks Family and friends, like-minded people whose eyes light up when they see you. These are the people who make you feel good or recharged when youre around them, who love you, and who want to see you happy. Making time for your personal network is absolutely necessary for motivation.

Social networks These are networks of acquaintances you see less often. They are people you have fun with and see at parties, or people who enjoy similar hobbies such as working out, hiking, cycling, or going to the movies. If youre new in town, develop and expand your social networks by meeting people at places you enjoy, or by taking continuing education classes or volunteering in your community.

Professional networks These are groups of people you meet even less often than social acquaintances. You see them at alumni gatherings, at professional meetings, or in the workplace. Professional networks also include former co-workers, bosses, academic advisers, and professors. Included, too, are career counsellors, who can be hired as personal mentors, coaching you to press forward and attain your goals. (http//content.monsterindia.com/getahead/movingup/658/)

5. Mentoring relationships

Mentoring relationships are important for all organisational members. A mentor is that one person who can guide the individual, help him or her, take him/her under his or her wing, and nurture your career quest (a Yoda to your Luke Skywalker). What separates a mentor from the average network contact is long-term commitment and a deep-seated investment in the future of the prot�g�. Where a typical network contact might be associated with quick introductions, exchanges of business cards, and phone calls, a relationship with a mentor likely involves long lunches and time spent in the mentors office. A mentor is often in a position the prot�g� would like to be in and has the clout and connections to guide the prot�g� to a similar position. An effective mentor isnt afraid to criticise constructively.

To find a mentor and individual should identify someone who he or she admires, and test the waters by asking advice. Mentors are most likely to invest themselves in those in whom they see a little of themselves. The mentor wants to work with someone he or she can respect. He or she may even desire to mould the prot�g� in his or her own image, which is fine as long as the mentor is not too obsessive about it, and you are comfortable with the image into which youre being moulded. You should have a good feel after a few meetings as to whether the rapport is right for a mentoring relationship.

Experts say the best way to advance is by having a trusted and powerful mentor. A mentor is a person who advises and coaches a fellow employee, offers support, and acts as their advocate. From the beginning, a mentor shows the employee the ropes, introduces him or her to the right people, and points him or her in the right direction, suggesting training and professional development opportunities for career advancement. In short, a mentor works to ensure that an employee receive advantages for advancement.

Few are lucky enough to have mentors tooting their horns. Most stumble along or believe success depends upon qualifications and credentials. Credentials do open doors, yet advancement requires more, including motivation and multiple networks.

6. Conclusion

This essay has dealt with the many issues. The philosophy of post-modernism is related to the world of work. It affects the ways in which individuals relate to the organisations, the emphasis they place on employment and the skills necessary to be successful. The changes in the world of work are also discussed in this essay, that is, the increasing diversity of work alternatives, the fact that information and communication technology (ICT) is rapidly growing in importance as a tool and the reality that people have to become more self reliant. Next, the major trends in the dynamic world of work have been explored which includes new forms of work organisations, working times and contractual relationships and changes in the work force. Change in the organisation has many implications on careers individuals must adapt to the philosophy of the protean career, allow their careers to boundaryless. There is a need for continuous learning, skill development and the realisation that security no longer lies in the fact that an individual has a job rather it relies on an individuals employability. Lastly, career strategies such as networking and mentorship are discussed.



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Business politics

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The Organization

What is an organization?

Subjective perspective a social system, which is trying to reach a common goal through coordination of actions and means.

Objective perspective the structure of the organization.




The structure of an organization depends on 4 head points

1. Division of labor

. Coordination of labor

. Authority system

4. Administration

Flow chart (organizations schema) a partial graphic representation of the formal structure. Shows

- The relation ship of authority

- Channels of communication

- Formal working groups

- Departments and divisions

- Formal responsibilities

Elements that forms the organizational structure

- The individual

- The group

- The formal structure

Talking about an organization it is also worth mentioning three topics that represents the structure.

1. Ambito (area)

a) Differentiation; horizontal or vertical

Horizontal division of labor en assignments in the same level organization level.

Vertical division of labor according to the level of authority (hierarchy).

b) Integration, (coordination) se

- Structural medium

- In structural medium

. Stability; an organization should always work in the direction of survival.

. Character;

- Formal; structure of the existent relationship between the members of the organization designed by the head staff(ledning).

- Informal; the informal structure represents all the spontaneous relations and other existent relations (ej bestammda av ledningen) within an organization.

Integration

Structural medium

1. Formation (rules, politics and procedures)

For example Instruction manuals, job descriptions, and other documents that guide the employees. If a job depends on a lot of these things we say it as high level of standardization.

. Centralization

An organization can either be centralized or decentralized. If the bosses are taking all the decisions we say its an centralized organization. It is called empowerment if you let the employers take the decisions.

. Hierarchy/ spans of control

“the number of persons that are controlled efficiently by one supervisor”.

4. Standardization

Establishment of standards which are used in the working process

Input characteristics of input

Process instructions and general principals for the process

Outputs inspections of the final product (Does it fulfill the requirements?)

In structural medium It’s another way of trying to reach high levels of integration in an organization. The mediums that are being used are the following; formation of groups, company culture and information systems.

INTEGRATION WITH OTHER COMPANIES

Should I externalize or internalize certain activities?

If I choose to buy it on the market I will have to pay for the service and I will also have to pay transaction cost and if I do it myself organization costs.

Transaction costs; information, negotiation, guaranties etc

Organization costs; costs for coordination and control, motivation costs

“Criteria of Williamson”

If I choose to make it my self or not, depends of the nature of the service/product.

a) Asset specificity; an asset could be specific for its location, its usability, or for the knowledge that requires the product. ( om det tex krävs speciella maskiner som bara kan anvandas just till framstallningen av denna produkten etc)

b) Transaction Frequency (occasional/ frecuent)

c) Uncertanity; if there is a lot of uncertain aspects it might be better to do it your self.

“Criteria of Coase”

If it is cheaper to buy it on the market, do it! The decision of making or buying only depends on the costs.

MINTZBERG

The simple structure;

The machine bureaucracy;

The professional bureaucracy;



The multidivisional structure

The Adhocracy;

Organization Mecanic or Organic

Caracteristics Mecanic Organic

Complexity high low

Formalization high low

Centralization high low

Span of control reduced wide

Standardization high low

Factors of Contingency

Why does an organization choose to design their structure in a certain way? Which are the reasons?

Woodward (165) introduced the term contingency and according to him the effectiveness of an organization is the correspondences between this organization and its context.

The factors are the following;

- Size;

- technology

- environment

- strategy



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A life of Richard Corey's companion

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Richard Cory Monologue

(Jane Pemberly, newly appointed headmistress of the local orphanage, talking to God about the recently deceased Richard Cory. Experiencing somewhat wild mood swings.)

Why did I have to become the headmistress now? Did I do something wrong…I didn’t, I don’t deserve this. Blast that Mr. Cory, oh but the poor boy, I can’t but help feel sorry for him even though there must have been something wicked about him. I have no clue how I’m going to keep this orphanage running without his generous donations. Stupid, foolish boy, how am I going to explain this to the children? I just don’t know, I JUST DON’T KNOW ANYMORE! I’ve just got to find something to do. I must keep myself from thinking these horrible thoughts about the late Richard Cory; he did help us a lot in his day.

He must have been exceedingly troubled to go and do such a horrid thing and to himself no less. I can’t for the life of me imagine what was wrong with him, he always seemed such a stable, kindhearted man. Although over his last few weeks I had noticed that he looked a little lonelier that I’ve ever seen him look. Yet, he still managed to be as polite and well mannered as ever.




Oh dear…I wonder if I should have done more. If I should have approached him and asked if he wanted a friend. However he most likely would have declined, he doesn’t seem the type to go accepting help or charity from anyone and most definitely not me. All the better I say; I’ve seen the kind of company he keeps. All those scandalous people and parties. I guess it’s better that the children have not been exposed to that.

Sigh. I just don’t know what to think of Mr. Cory. When he’s alone he’s the very essence of politeness and courtesy, but when he is with company he is most definitely the most vulgar and disobliging person I have ever met.

Having said that I can only hope that whatever demon was tormenting his soul has been evicted from his heart so that he may now rest in peace.

Amen.

By Ellen Sinclair

Teacher Robert

Subject Drama

Due Date October 7, 00



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