PROACTIVE, REACTIVE, AND DEAD

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This is a simple paper to address the current trend to categorize response into trendy terminology that must be explained prior to being understood. While reactive is pretty simple, responding to something that happens to you (or the particular system you are working in), proactive is a little more difficult. As I understand it proactive is often defined as the opposite of reactive. This definition is somehow inadequate, in my mind, as it is itself reactive and not “proactive.” While some people seem to fall into the category I label as “dead,” i.e., non-responsive to any stimuli, I believe it is fair to say that people who respond in any fashion do so by choice or by impulse/habit. Thus another definition for proactive might be to choose your response. This leads us to the gap between stimulus and response that Victor Frankl indicated was an area that could be reduced to habit or impulse. This same gap could also be increased to contemplation, discussion and determined choices. The length of time spent in the decision making process can then be reduced through practice and eventually become a habit itself (but one that was developed because the person wanted to respond to a specific stimuli in a particular way every time). The goal of everyone should be to respond to all stimuli in a “proactive” fashion. Achieving this goal can go along way towards improving the responders self-esteem and empowering (another word that may require additional time to fully understand) them to extend this ability to choose into other areas of their lives.

Mind that the sample papers like PROACTIVE, REACTIVE, AND DEAD presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

The message

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My mom was invited to go on a cruise with her friends. I’m going to be home alone for two weeks. My mom told me that one of my brothers would call to check up on me often. She also told me not to tell anyone that I’m home alone. Also if I needed any thing go to the neighbors’ house or call one of my brothers. And that I am allowed into the homework chat room by my self-witch almost never happened. When I went to school the next day I was excited and nerves at the same time. I knew my mom was leaving to catch her flight to Florida for the cruise. I wanted to tell somebody that I was alone but I was told not to, so I couldn’t. That afternoon it was weird when I walked into the house, I picked up the phone like would normally do t call my mom at work but when I started to dial I remembered she wasn’t there. So, I hung up and started my homework.

I just finished my homework for Mr. Sprungers’ language arts class. It was about quarter till four. I decided to start on my algebra homework; I had gotten stuck on an equation and needed help. My neighbor wasn’t home, my brothers’ stink at math, and none of my friends where online or didn’t know how to help. The chat room doesn’t open until seven, so I started on my history. I finished it around five-thirty. My science was next that was the easiest. After all of that it was only six-ten. I started my dinner in the microwave to heat it up, after it was warm I went to eat it in front of the TV I don’t normally eat in the living room. I was still waiting for my brother to call to see if I needed a ride to hockey practice or if he was going to take me. No word yet that was a typical Matthew. It was now seven o’clock so I went on the Internet to see if I could get help with the equation that I was having trouble with earlier.




I was in the chat room and out of nowhere this instant message popped up. The screen name didn’t seem familiar to me. And it wasn’t anybody’s in the chat room. It was kind of scary. The instant message had said, “I haven’t talked to you in a long time.” I had no clue who this person was, so I wrote back “who r u¿” he didn’t respond, so that was kind of scary. Then I blocked him so he couldn’t talk to me anymore. The same instant message popped up again I didn’t under stand it I thought I blocked him. Now it said, “I know you’re alone.” With an instinct I looked out he window to see if I could see anybody on the Internet trying to pull a joke on me but I couldn’t see anybody. I wrote back “no I’m not, my older brother is sitting on the couch watching TV.” He wrote back “liar.” After that I logged off immediately.

I tried to get a hold of one of my brothers but neither one had their cell phones were on, Matthew wasn’t home and I don’t know where Donny is. So I thought to my self “maybe one of them are on their way.” I went outside to get all of my gear out of the garage. It is fifteen minutes before practice stated and it takes at least twenty minutes to get there. I called my neighbor to see if she could take me. She said she would be over in a couple seconds. I loaded my gear in the trunk and got into the front seat. It was now ten o’clock and practice started at nine-fifteen. By the time I got into the locker room it was ten after ten. I’m going to be so dead I thought to my self.

As soon as I got onto the ice my coach gave the being late speech it’s the longest speech he could give anybody. He also told me I have ten extra laps after practice. I didn’t dare argue with him. That was the hardest practice yet it just killed me. When I got home there where no messages on the answering machine that’s not normal for my house. I decided to go on the Internet to talk to my friends and to see if I could get help with that equation. After about fifteen minutes I finally had gotten help. When I was ready to sign off an instant message comes up asking, “how was practice?” it was the same person from earlier. I closed it and it came back up now saying, “I know you’re alone.” After I saw that I logged off. I locked all of the doors and went up stairs to get my blankets then went back down stairs, to the living room. I turned on the TV, set the timer on and tried to fall asleep. It felt weird to sleep in an empty house by my self. I kept waking up every few hours, it felt like someone was watching me it was a gut wrenching feeling.

At school the next day none of my friends were there; just Holly that was really weird. After homeroom I went to Algebra, when I had opened my book to get my homework out but a note flew out onto the floor. When I had read the note I could feel my face go pale. The note had said the same thing as the entire instant messages said, “I know your home alone.” I had no clue how that had gotten into my book unless someone was in the house last night last night. I had gotten this feeling in my stomach the kind of feeling like the gut wrenching feeling, some things wrong I know, but I don’t know what. After first period I went to the office to ask if I could use the phone but I had to explain my situation first (I’m not sure if they believed me or not). I called my neighbor and ask her if she could check on my house to see if theirs something wrong. When she has called back she had said everything was the way I had left it excepted for the computer, she said it had said, “I know you’re alone.” I asked her if she could take me to the police station? She said she would be there in five minutes.

I had told the police my story; they said they would go to my house to see if they could find any type of prints. The only prints they found were from my families’ and mine. They supposed the perpetrator was wearing gloves.

Tina took me back to school, when I got back it was the middle of fourth period, Mr. Spurngers’ language arts class. When I walked in Maria and Jamie where back, I didn’t bother to ask where they where this morning. But they had asked me where I was, but I couldn’t tell them I don’t think they would believe me anyway. During lunch all of the rest of my friends where back too, this is starting to get really weird. It was deftly quite at lunch that day that was very abnormal for us.

When I got off the bus I headed to Tina’s house I had told her I was not going to any practices tonight. After that I sat down at the table and started to do my homework. When I was done it was just in time for Dr. Phil. The episode was all about how to be safe on the Internet; I thought it was strange because of recent events. We ate dinner around nine-thirty, because Tina’s boyfriend had gotten home late. After dinner Tina and I went to take one of the dogs for a walk. While she was walking Baby I notice a shadowy figure walk right into my house. I had showed Tina, and we used my cell phone to call the police. They where there with in two minutes. They went through the front door and found the perpetrator on the computer typing something. The police had bought him outside and had him on the ground handcuffing him. They had put him into the back of the squad car. They had told me that I was not the only teenager that this guy had done it to. They told me that he taps the phones then hunts the people and in some cases he had broken into the houses. He also told me that not all of them are brave enough to come forward.

After all of that half of the neighbors were standing out side staring at me. I told them all to mind their own business and go back inside. My mom was coming back in two days and I couldn’t wait. The next two days felt pretty normal. But everybody in school had found out some how what had happened the night before. And roomers where flying left and right, but that’s how middle school is, you learn how to deal with it. The next day was pretty much like the last, but today my mom was coming home, I couldn’t wait. When I had come home my mom was at Tina’s so I went over there and she had already told her the whole story. My mom was just happy that I wasn’t hurt. I was glade she was home. Later she called my brothers and they were in so much trouble. I was a just glade thing where back to normal for the most part. Or at least what they where like before the cruise. Or were they?

By Brittany Morgan



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KFC

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like KFC even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like KFC in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

KFC Corporation, based in Louisville, Kentucky, is the worlds most popular chicken restaurant chain, specializing in Original Recipe®, Extra Crispy™, Twister® and Colonels Crispy Strips® chicken with home style sides.

Every day, nearly eight million customers are served around the world. KFCs menu includes Original Recipe® chicken -- made with the same great taste Colonel Harland Sanders created more than a half-century ago. Customers around the globe also enjoy more than 00 other products -- from a Chunky Chicken Pot Pie in the United States to a salmon sandwich in Japan.

KFC has more than 11,000 restaurants in more than 80 countries and territories around the world. And in quite a few U.S. cities, KFC is teaming up with sister restaurants, A&W, All-American Food™, Long John Silvers, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut, selling products from the popular chains in one convenient location. KFC is part of Yum! Brands, Inc., which is the worlds largest restaurant system with over ,500 KFC, A&W All-American Food™, Taco Bell, Long John Silvers and Pizza Hut restaurants in more than 100 countries and territories.

As Yum! A brand continues to grow the world over, so do the ranks of our key business partners who reflect the diversity of the markets we serve. As a KFC, Pizza Hut, or Taco Bell franchisee, youll enjoy the satisfaction and rewards that come from owning your own business, yet with the assurance that your efforts are supported by a global restaurant leader. Our brands are committed to making sure that our franchisees represent our diverse customer base. Our partnerships with the International Franchise Associations (IFA), for example, assist our brands in educating and attracting prospective minority franchisees. Our franchisees are key to our overall business growth, and help us build thriving neighbourhoods and provide economic opportunities for everyone.




Problem Identification

• Poor relationship Between Pepsi Corporation and KFC franchises.

• KFC loose their market share because of other chicken chain competitors (Popeyes, Chick-fill-A, Boston Market, and Church’s) increase sales at a faster rate.

• Cultural factors influence when they going to expand their business overseas.

• Other chicken chain competitor’s differentiate their products. (For example Boston Market introduce new restaurant chain that emphasized roasted chicken rather than fried chicken.

• Conflicts between KFC and Pepsi Cola’s corporate cultures create a moral problem within KFC.

• Low Research and Development funding from Hubelin, the division found it difficult to match the expansion plans of its main competitors.

• Local franchisees often were more interested in maximizing profits in the short term rather than to adhere to corporate standards and strategic plans.

. Assumption

Strategic management is concerned with matching the organization’s internal capabilities with the external opportunities and threats and developing plans to achieve the medium to long-term goals. There are few Assumptions need to make in order to achieve those goals.

• Foreign exchange rates dose not change significantly.

• Political instability in Asia not last long.

• Current tax system not going to change

• Bank interest rate will be stable.

• No new environmental laws introduce for the industry

• KFC should ignore their competitors in the fast food restaurant chain, such as McDonald’s which is technically in the sandwich segment and go where it will be more profitable.

• Fast food chains had already experimented with new forms of existence such as in shopping malls, airports, department stores, universities, etc

• Socio-cultural trends in U.S. were favourable to the fast food industry, except for consumer demands for lower and lower prices.

. Situation Analysis

.1. S.W.O.T Analysis

It is an easy-to-use tool for developing an overview of a company’s strategic situation. It forms a basis for matching your company’s strategy to its situation.

Strengths

 It had expanded early in its corporate history and had experience

 Strong brand name

 Its affiliation with pizza hut and taco bell allowed it to create operational efficiencies abroad as well as domestically.

 It prior relationship with PepsiCo, which had extensive international efficiencies abroad as well.

 KFC had focused on countries in which McDonald’s did not have a strong presence.

 World largest chicken chain restaurant

 Third largest fast food industry

 KFC continued to dominate the chicken segment, with sales of $4.4 billion in 1.(Source; Jeffrey A Krug, 001)

Weaknesses

As a competitor in international market KFC mostly consider only about franchising market. This is not a very good idea as other imported fast food is catching the domestic market.

• KFC was losing market share as other chicken chains increased sales at a faster rate.

• KFC’s share of chicken segment sales fell from 71% in 18 to less than 56% in 1,a 10 year drop of 15%.

• Tight Financial control

• High Share price

• Higher returns to the share holders

Opportunities

As the fast food market is rapidly growing KFC may expand it operation in to the domestic market by putting more efforts to it and grab the market share of the local fast food market. KFC’s leadership in U.S. market was so extensive that it had fewer opportunities to expand its U.S. restaurant base which was only growing at about 1%

Threats

Any company who operates in the international market has to face the fierce competition in the market place. Apart from that growing concern regarding fast food and takeaway related restrictions in the community is becoming a new threat to industry.



• Competition �.chick � fill A and Boston market increased their combined market share by 17%. (Pleases see Appendix), in the early 10s, many industry analysts predicted that Boston market would challenge KFC for market leadership.

• Product development treats � Boston market was a new restaurant chain that emphasized roasted rather than fried chicken. It successfully created the image of an upscale deli offering healthy, “home style “ alternatives to fried chicken and other fast food.

• New Entry to the Market place

• Asian market of fast food industry growing Eg; china, Thailand

• Increasing competitive product-

• More new entries for end market place

• Technological improvements

. Industry and competition Analysis





The five forces model of competition expands the arena for competitive analysis.

Historically, when studying the competitive environment, firms concentrated on companies with which they competed directly. However, today competition is viewed as a grouping of alternative ways for customers to obtain the value they desire, rather than as a battle among direct competitors. This is particularly important, because in recent years industry boundaries have become blurred.

Threat of new entrants

Evidence suggests that KFC have always found it difficult to identify new competitors. This is unfortunate, in that new entrants often have the potential to be quite threatening to incumbents. One reason new entrants pose such a threat is that they bring additional production capacity. Unless the demand for a good or service is increasing, additional capacity holds consumers’ costs down, resulting in less revenue and lower returns for an industry’s firms. Often, new entrants have substantial resources and a keen interest in gaining a large market share. As a result, new competitors may force existing firms to be more effective and efficient and to learn how to compete on new dimensions

Bargaining power of suppliers

Increasing prices and reducing the quality of products sold are potential means through which suppliers can exert power over firms competing within an industry. If a firm is unable to recover cost increases through its pricing structure, its profitability is reduced by its suppliers’ actions. A supplier group is powerful when

• It is dominated by a few large companies and is more concentrated than the industry to which it sells;

• Satisfactory substitute products are not available to industry firms;

• Industry firms are not a significant customer for the supplier group;

• Suppliers’ goods are critical to buyers’ marketplace success;

• The effectiveness of suppliers’ products has created high switching costs for industry firms

• Suppliers are a credible threat to integrate forward into the buyers’ industry. Credibility is enhanced when suppliers have substantial resources and provide the industry’s firms with a highly differentiated product.

As a result of its success, initially in its US domestic market and now globally as well, Wal-Mart is an example of a company over which few suppliers have power. The sheer size of its purchases and the relatively low switching costs it faces when choosing among suppliers often combine to yield significant power for the firm.

Bargaining power of buyers

Firms seek to maximise the return on their invested capital. Buyers (KFC customers of an industry or firm) want to buy products at the lowest possible price, at which the industry earns the lowest acceptable rate of return on its invested capital. to reduce their costs, buyers/customer’s bargain for higher quality, greater levels of service and lower prices. These outcomes are achieved by encouraging competitive battles among the industry’s firms.

Customers (buyer groups) are powerful when

• They purchase a large portion of an industry’s total output;

• The product being purchased from an industry accounts for a significant portion of the buyers’ costs;

• They could switch to another product at little, if any, cost; and

• The industry’s products are undifferentiated or standardised, and the buyers pose a credible threat if they were to integrate backward into the sellers’ industry.

Substitutes

One of the main problems that face many companies today is the threat of substitute products. There main substitute products competitors are McDonalds, Burger King, Wendy’s, Domino’s, chi-fi -A and Boston market, popeyes, etc.

Industry rivalry

Beyond seeking to deter entry, firms also use strategies to reduce the level of industry rivalry because unrestricted competition over prices or output can reduce profits. Several strategies are available.

1. Price signalling is the process by which firms convey their intentions to rivals concerning pricing strategy, or how they will react to the competitive moves of their rivals. Firms can announce that they will respond vigorously to other firms’ hostile moves if attacked. Also it indirectly allows firms to coordinate their prices.

. Price leadership, in which one firm takes the responsibility of setting industry prices, is another way of using price signalling to enhance industry profitability. The price-setter creates a model that other firms can follow.

. Non-price competition usually occurs through product differentiation whereby firms compete for market share by offering products with different or superior features, or by applying different marketing techniques. There are four non-price competitive strategies.

a. Market penetration involves expansion of market share in a firm’s existing product markets by advertising and other promotional means.

Example Toys R Us based its CA on being a low-price, low-service store but now competes on having more toys in stores than competitors.

b. Product development is the creation of new or improved products to replace existing ones. It can help to maintain product differentiation and build market share.

Example KFC very recently they rolled out buffet that included some 0 dinner, salad, and dessert items.

c. Market development involves finding new market segments for a firm’s existing products. It uses the firm’s brand name to get market share as it enters these segments.

d. Product proliferation (a range of products for a range of niches) is also a strategy for managing rivalry. Firms compete over perceived quality and uniqueness.

4. Capacity control is aimed at controlling the level of industry output. Although firms prefer non-price competition, periodically price competition does break out.

This occurs because industry over-capacity leads to reduction in prices for firms attempting to dispose of the product. If one firm reduces prices, the others follow to avoid being left with unwanted goods.

Excess capacity can occur because of new low-cost technology or new entrants. Two strategies are available

a. A preemptive strategy is used when one firm, recognizing an opportunity, moves quickly to establish a first-mover advantage. It hopes that other firms will recognize that they are too far behind to catch up and thus not increase their capacity.

b. A coordination strategy involves firms signalling their intentions concerning their future capacity to one another. By indirectly informing one another of their plans, they seek to ensure that capacity does not become so large that it promotes a price war. As a result, the risks associated with increasing capacity (investments therein) are reduced.

Sources www.bus.okstate.edu/mgmt/labig/(15/08/0)

Is the Kentucky Fried Chicken is Profitable?

The company opened over 1,000 new international restaurants in 001 and expects to open another 1,000 in 00. The companys target for new restaurant growth is +5% to +6% per year in net new international restaurants.

In year “000 was a year of growth, growth, growth for our international business! We opened

traditional restaurants around the world, grew operating profit to $0 million, up 16% from1, and improved international system sales by 6%. And we did it while achieving solid reduction and margin improvement.”

“Our big international winners were Greater China, which increased profits a whopping 47%, and our KFC United Kingdom and Pizza Hut Korea businesses, which each increased profits by 5%.“We also boosted the global popularity of our food, scoring big wins with the debut of Pizza Hut’s Stuffed Crust pizza in Malaysia and the Philippines,

and the continuing success of KFC’s Twister in Australia and Korea. In Asia, we launched two delicious new product variants, Honey Mustard Twister and Spicy Twister, which are helping to drive strong sales growth in the region.” (http//www.yum.com/investors/annualreport.htm)

WHY

KFC Corporation, based in Louisville, Ky., is the worlds most popular chicken restaurant chain specializing in Original Recipe®, Extra Crispy™, Colonels Crispy Strips® chicken and Popcorn Chicken with home-style sides and freshly made chicken sandwiches. Since its founding by Colonel Harland Sanders in 15, KFC has been serving customers delicious, already-prepared complete family meals at affordable prices. There are over 11,000 KFC outlets in more than 80 countries and territories around the world serving some 8 million customers each day. KFC Corporation is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc., Louisville, Ky.

KFC leads the way as Chinas largest, oldest and most popular quick-service restaurant chain with locations in approximately 150 cities. KFC was the first QSR to enter China in 187 in Beijing. KFC had approximately 00 restaurants in 17 and has quickly grown to 700 today.

What trends exist?

The number of demographic and societal trends influenced the demand for food eaten outside of the home.

Consumer decision making trends

During the last two decades, rising incomes, greater affluence among a greater percentage of American households, higher divorce rate, and the fact that people married later in life contributed to the rising number of single households and the demand for fast food. More than 50% of woman worked out side of home, a dramatic increase since 170. They expect this percentage going up over 65% by 010. Less time to prepare meals inside the house added to this trend.

Labour cost made up 0% of a fast food chain’s total costs, second only to food and beverage costs. Intense competition. However, made it difficult for restaurants to increase prices sufficiently to cover the increased cost of labour. There are many fast food restaurants in the fast food market, and it has different food with different taste, price and quality. Consumers do not like eat same food with same taste every day. . Therefore consumers could change their decisions and move to purchase another product because there are lots of substituted products in the market. Consumers made decisions about where to eat partially based on price. There was another important fact is time duration. Consumers there’re always expect Fast and Quality service. most of the restaurant operation viewed computers as their number one tool for improving efficiency. New technology may help to increases customer attention to purchase the product. For a e.g. Mc Donald and Carl’s, converted to new food preparation systems that allow them to prepare food more accurately and to prepare a great verity of sandwiches using the same process.

Restaurant location also the very impotent facts to make Consumer decision consumer.Consumers always looking for convenable place to purchase there needs.

Demographic tends

Income

More than 50% of woman worked out side of home, a dramatic increase since 170. They expect this percentage going up over 65% by 010.doble- income households contributed to rising household incomes and increased the number of times families ate out.

Life style trends

Higher divorce rates and the fact that people married later in life contributed to the rising number of singles household and the demand for fast food. After 170 more than 50 percent increase of women worked outside of the home and this number was expected to raise 65 percent by 010. Household income also effect to change the consumers life style.

As consumers aged, they become less enamored with fast food and were more likely to patronize dinner houses and full- service restaurants. Sales of Mexican restaurant were very popular with American people in 180’s, began Indian, Japanese and Vietnamese restaurant are become a more fashionable.

Ethnic food in general was rising in popularity as U.S. immigrants, who constituted 10% of the U.S. population in 000, looked for establishments that sold their native foods.

Age

In the fast food industry baby boomers (age 5-50) are the largest consumer group, and Generation Xers (ages 5 to 4) and the “mature” category (ages51 to 64) made up the second and the third largest group in the market respectively.

The greatest concern for fast food operations was the shortage of employees in the 16 to 4 age category. Most American in this age category had never experienced a recession or an economic downturn.

Competitive behavior trends

 Competition with in fast food industry is particularly strong due to the large number of stores and their geographic proximity.

 Competition tends to be based on price, range of fast food products, quality, service, location and promotion.

The number of factors will lead to increase of competition. One of the most important will be continuing diffusion of the fast food industry. Even as competitive strength increases, leading fast food industries will become more adept at anticipating the responses of their competitors. Instead of using destructive competition, businesses will tacitly cooperate on price and promotion and seek competitive advantage based on superior understanding of customers need and effective management of the innovation process to meet those needs.



Who are the Key Competitors

There are was eight major segments made up the fast food sector of the restaurants industry sandwich chains, pizza chains family restaurants, grill buffet chains, dinner houses, chicken chains, nondinner concept, and other chains.

Other indirect fast food restaurant competitors are

Sandwich chain - McDonalds, Burger King, Wendy’s, Taco Bell, Subway and etc.

Dinner Houses-Applebee’s, Red Lobster, Outback Steakhouse, Olive Garden and etc. Pizza Chain - Pizza Hut, Domino’s, Papa John’s, Little Caesars, Sabarro and etc.

Family Restaurant Denny’s, Craker Barrel, IHOP, Shoney’s and etc.

Other dinner chain - long John Silver’s, Walt Disney Co, Old Country Buffet & etc.

Grill Buffet chain - Golden Corral, Ryan’s and etc.

Nondinner Concepts - Dunkin’s Donuts, 7-Eleven, Starbuks and etc.



McDonald’s with sales of more than $1 billion in 1, accounted for 15% of sales of the sales of the nation’s top 100 restaurant chain. According to the sales figure shown that second largest chain burger King had less than a 7% share of the market.

Sandwich chains (McDonald 5%, Burger king 16%, Wendy’s .7%, taco bell .6%, subway 5.%, etc.) made up the largest segment of the fast food market.

(Source; Jeffrey A Krug, 001, p08)

According to the above figure we can identified, McDonald’s is generated the greatest per store sales about $1.5 million per year. The average U.S. chain generated $800’000 in sales per store in 1.

Dinner house made up the second and fastest- growing fast-food segment in 1

On what basis do they compete?

Boston market was a new restaurant chain that emphasized roasted rather than fried chicken. It successfully created the image of an upscale deli offering healthy, “home style” alternatives to fried chicken and other fast food.

Dinner house came from new unit construction, a market contrast with other fast food chains, which had already slowed U.S construction because of markets and small towns.

How successful are they?

Sales of dinner houses increased by more than 1% during the year, surpassing the average increase of 6% among all fast- food chains.

The hardest-hit segment was grilled buffet chains, which generated the lowest increase in sales( less than 4%).dinner houses, because of their more upscale atmosphere and higher-ticket items, were better positioned to take advantage of the aging and wealthier U.S population, which increasingly demanded higher- quality food in more attractive settings.

Dinner houses, however, faced the prospect of market saturation and increased completion in the near future.

What are the key industry success factors?

• The Colonel perfected his secret blend of 11 herbs and spices for Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1 and signed up his first franchisee in 15. By the time KFC was acquired by PepsiCo in 186, it had grown to approximately 6,600 units in 55 countries and territories.

• KFC restaurants offer fried chicken products and some also offer non-fried chicken-on-the-bone products, with the principal entree items sold in pieces under the names Original Recipe, Extra Tasty Crispy and Tender Roast.

• KFC restaurants also offer a variety of side items, such as biscuits, mashed potatoes and gravy, Cole slaw and corn, as well as desserts and non-alcoholic beverages.

• In 16, KFCs worldwide system sales of over $8 billion grew faster than the industry average even though the number of restaurants in its global system did not materially increase.

• Quality, service and cleanliness represent the most critical success factors to KFCs global success.

• Adequate capitalization, to provide reserves against market downturns and to benefit from market upturns.

• There was another main factor is they conduct the business in an environmentally responsible way. There’re complying with all applicable laws and regulations and provide safe and healthy work environments. In the absence of specific laws and regulations we continue to operate responsibly.

• Using research and new technology, we work to improve our environmental performance through source reduction, recycling and innovative product packaging.

• There are known for great operations, marketing innovation, delivering the highest quality food and superior service by responding to the voice of the customers, not just listening to them.

• In Asia, we launched two delicious new product variants, Honey Mustard Twister and Spicy Twister, which are helping to drive strong sales growth in the region.

• Reliable supply of key raw materials at a competitive price.

.. Company Analysis

..1. Organisational Strategy (pleases see Appendix...)

Organisational strategic plan can be divided in to two parts such as corporate level strategies and Business, unit, product and market level strategies. ( Kotler P, Armstrong G, Meggs D, Bradbury E, Grech.J, 1, pp448)

Corporate level strategies

Defining the company mission KFC’s parent company Yum Brand Inc., mission is satisfying customers every time they eat their food and doing it better than any other restaurant company with their sister companies such as A&W, KFC, Long John Silvers, Pizza Hut, and Taco Bell. They offer customers to food they crave, comeback value, and customer-focused teams. The unique eating experience at each of their restaurants make their customers smile and inspire their loyalty for life. (www.yum.com)

• Setting company objectives and goals

KFC’s parent’s company mission needs to be turned into detailed supporting objectives for each level of management. Each manager in the industry should have objectives that they are responsible of archiving and that ‘flow down’ through the levels of the organisation. These mangers have a responsibility to increase or keep the market share stable. In the case study explain during 180s to 10s surrounded it limited menu and suddenly they introduce new products in the fast food market as a strategy.

• Designing the business portfolio

The business portfolio is the one that best fits the company’s strengthens and weakness to opportunities in the environment. KFC always try to expand their business as a strategy to increase global market share using franchise system and the company owned system. They always try to keep high growth and high share in the fast food industry, but the coemption always against them. To keep competitors down they need to use new strategies to grow their business and market share.

Business strategy

• Planning

KFC’s marketing plan is satisfying customers by designing strategies and delivering a marketing mix targeted at defined market segments and aimed at achieving a series of marketing objectives which combined to meet their company objectives.

• Marketing

Customer value and satisfaction are the most important ingredient that the KFC looking when they market the product. They always try to provide good quality products with low cost to the customers. They change the taste of the product when the customers do not like.

• Perceived competence � all businesses are public and diversified activities were high volume, low cost products with strong brand names.

• Market leadership � diversification moves typically started by capturing a significant domestic market share through the acquisition of companies with highly visible or quality brand names.

• Restructuring � considerable success in taking what had appeared to be relatively expensive acquisitions and reduced the cost through stripping out unproductive assets, and investing capital to improve productivity.

• Strong brands and customer focus � managing outstanding brands with high public awareness.

• Acquire or develop ‘world best’ technology.

• International expansion.

• Financial control and performance measurement.

• Organisation and management

• Management development.



Developing Growth Strategies

Market Penetration Strategies

• Attracting Competitor’s customers � Differentiation of products such as new menus design which shows clearer differentiation from competing fast food.

• Increasing Promotional Effort - Mass advertising within the domestic and globally

• Decreasing Prices. - Special offers price competition things such as student discount.

Product Development Strategies

• Product line extensions - Offer customers with varieties food.

• Developing quality variations - Developing food quality of the KFC.

• Developing new products aiming at the present market - Develop new products those related to the countries cultures.

Market Development Strategies

• New Geographical Markets

Setting up franchising and merger systems using the regional and national expansion.

Attracting Investors by consolidating the positioning and image of the business and be well known and trusted.

Advertising in other media such as on the internet where globally executed.

Lowering price to attract price sensitive buyers and increasing price on certain product and services in order to attract prestige and quality seekers segments

Diversification

 Into related businesses (concentric diversification)

Fabricating assortment of menus for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Cheap quality foods for lower class

What Generic Strategy is it Pursuing

Generic strategy can be divided into three parts.

• Focus strategy

• Differentiate strategy

• Cost leadership strategy ( www.business.bond.edu.au)

KFC’s focused on their product differentiate to reduce substitutability with rivals -

KFC still experimented with the chicken sandwich concept when McDonald’s test marketed its “Mc’Chicken Burger” in the Louisville market. Shortly McDonald’s rolled out the Mc chicken sandwich nationally. By beating KFC to the market.

By the late 10s, KFC had refocused its strategy. The cornerstone of its new strategy was to increase sales in individual KFC restaurants by introducing a variety of new products and menu items that appealed to a greater number of customers. KFC settled in three types of chicken product original recipe, Extra Crispy and Tender Roast.

When consider the generic strategy KFC can be differentiating their products in many ways, such as quality, uniqueness, responsiveness and prestige of the product. For example when KFC try to expand their business to overseas they need to focus on the product differentiate because those countries should have different cultures, taste and values. KFC very recently they rolled out buffet that included some 0 dinner, salad, and dessert items. The buffet was particularly successful in rural locations and suburbs. It was less successful in urban locations because of space considerations. KFC then introduced its colonel’s Crispy Strips and five new chicken sandwiches to appeal to customers who preferred boneless chicken products.

If a firm can consolidate a fragmented industry, it can achieve high return on investment. It has occurred in retailing (for example, Wal-Mart) in fast foods, (McDonald’s and KFC), and in legal and accounting firms (Baker & McKenzie). Firms seeking to consolidate their industries and become leaders use strategies of chaining, franchising, and horizontal merger

With this strategy, based on cost-leadership, a firm establishes networks of linked stores or service-centres that are so closely interconnected as to simulate one large entity. The firm uses regional distribution centres to reduce transportation & inventory holding costs; it increases its buying power vis-a-vis suppliers; and it realizes economies of scale by sharing management costs and advertising across stores.

... Operations

Plant Locations

KFC had expanded early in their corporate history and their experience operating abroad put it in a strong position to take advantage of the growing trend toward international expansion. In year 000, more than 50percent (5,55 restaurant) of the KFC’s restaurants were located outside the United States and the rest of the restaurant located inside the United States. Their major overseas markets are located in Mexico, China, Canada, Australia, Puerto Rico, Korea, Thailand, and United Kingdom.

Equipment (Technology, Use Age, Flexibility, Capacity utilization)

Technology use cost could also be lowered and operation made more efficient by increasing the use of technology. Most restaurant operators viewed computers as their number one tool for improving efficiency. For an e.g. improve labour scheduling, accounting, payroll, sales analysis etc..

Most restaurant chains were also using point of sales systems that recorded the selected menu items and gave the casher a breakdown of food items and the ticket price. Currently the company looking forward to develop their production cycle by the use of modern technology. The best example would be the use of new recycling papers

Age the age category between 16 -4 are widely used staff which the company tend to employ. It creates good job opportunities as well as a good experience.

Capacity utilization higher cost and poor availability of prime real estate was another trend that negatively affected profitability.

A plot of land suitable for a normal sized freestanding restaurant cost between $1.5 and $.5 million. Leasing was a less costly alternative to buying. Nevertheless, market saturation decreased per store sales as newer unit’s cannibalised sales for existing units.

since there are variety of retail outlets the company tend to move into non traditional methods such as opening outlets as, hospitals, shopping molls, air ports, gas station, food court and in highly crowded public areas.

Flexibility- To make meal planning easier and more convenient, KFC has partnered with cybermeals, Inc., the Internet’s largest online ordering system, to give San Diego residents the option of ordering KFC for delivery or takeout via the Internet. Customers will be able to place online orders only when they are within a KFC delivery area and during business hours. (http//www.kfc.com/about/pr/00.htm)

Operating cycle

The company’s operating cycle mainly based in to two types which are company owned and franchise by the company. The main purpose of the operating cycle is to dominate the international and domestic market. KFC’s early international strategy was to grow its company and franchise restaurant base throughout the world. By early 000, KFC had refocused its international strategy on several high growth markets such as Canada, Australia, UK, china, Korea and etc. KFC hope planned to expand their company owned business into other international market in Europe and lain America in future.

Cost structure, cost drivers

The topical emphasis is on productivity growth and its dependence on the cost structure. The methodological focus is on application of the tools of economic analysis � the `thinking structure provided by microeconomic theory � to measure technological or cost structure, and link it with market and regulatory structure. This provides a rich basis for evaluation of economic performance and its determinants.

(Sources http//kapis.www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7-840-)

Break Even Analysis

When consider the companies break even analysis can be used to evaluate the relationship between fixed cost, variable cost, selling price, and profit using the basic formula break- even analysis setting price to break even on the cost of making and marketing a product or setting price to make a target profit.

... Human Resources

Organisation Structure

KFC has seen 4 different management structures in the last 50 years. The management philosophy employed by each one of these companies has been different, creating a constantly changing environment for company employees and franchisees. PepsiCo (now YUM brands), the parent company of KFC, places an added emphasis on performance and is closely looking at ways to increase return on equity by buying out under-performing restaurants and investing in company-owned restaurants. This has created a strained relationship between corporate management and KFC franchisees. (www.google.com, access- 15-08-0)

TRICON GLOBAL RESTAURANT INC Organization chart, 000

(Sources Jeffrey A Krug, 001)

Reward Systems

KFC® knows a thing or two about food-and it knows about parents and kids. Now, with the introduction of its new Kids Laptop Pack kid’s meal, it brings together all of these honest-to-goodness truths

• kids are picky;

• kids dont like their food touching other food;

• kids want to eat at their own pace; and

• Kids want to feel in control of their mealtimes as they push the limits of both their own independence and their parents patience. (Louisville, KY, Nov. 1, 00 http//www.kfc.com/about/pr/1110.htm)

To gain a customer reputation and customer satisfaction the company tend to offer verity of rewards schemes as strategy to attract customers. The reason rewards system was to draw coupons and prize draw.

As part of KFCs ongoing commitment to diversity and the development of its associates, KFC will provide one scholarship per year over the next four years to eligible students attending UNCF schools. (http//www.kfc.com/community/uncf.htm)

Age and experience profile

Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. is already the largest restaurant company in the world. Together, we serve more than 150 million people each week in nearly 0,000 restaurants in over 100 countries! And, were growing every day through the success of dynamic professionals...like you! (http//www.kfc.com/careers/ )

Tricon provides a flexible benefits program designed with our employees individual needs in mind. All part-time and full-time domestic permanent salaried employees are eligible after 60 days of continuous service.

Tricon and its brands are a fun, flexible place to work. KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut all support a work/home/life balance. Whether company has begin as an hourly employee, work your way up through the ranks or come to us with management experience, the opportunities for success are a promise from us to you. We embrace a promote from within philosophy and enjoy continued growth in an otherwise rapidly changing market. Were an equal opportunity employer committed to creating a diverse workforce.

KFC has developed a support structure that celebrates the Restaurant General Manager. Among the best-rewarded Restaurant Managers in the industry, each is equipped to train and motivate with generous reward programs that assist them in creating unprecedented team environments. KFC has mastered the art of motivating teams - which can be fun for everyone and contribute to strong sales growth and great customer service.

Dominate attitudes and values (culture)

With the on going progress of the Tricon Global Restaurants Company, Kentucky Fried Chicken will continue to grow and expand in order to fulfill the wants and needs of an ever changing society. As they expand into different countries they adapt to fit the local tastes and trends in accordance with local customs and beliefs. The use of local management in the franchises has benefited KFC because of there knowledge of the local market. Their flexibility and determination to provide quality, service, and cleanliness while focusing on the specific demographics of each specific region.

Number of locations, physical and reporting relationships between related areas

KFC is part of Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., which is the worlds largest restaurant system with nearly 0,000 KFC, Taco Bell and Pizza Hut restaurants in more than 100 countries and territories. KFC has more than 11,000 restaurants in more than 85 countries and territories around the world. Kentucky Fried chicken corporation use franchise for expand their business around the world. The mother company of the KFC located in United States and they franchised their business to other countries to make more profits.

Key personalities

 Good relationship with consumers, suppliers and the workers.

 Outstanding employees within the organisation. .

 Qualified employers are fitted to the right job.

 KFC listen and respond to the voice of the customer

 They believe in people, trust in positive intentions, encourage ideas from everyone and actively develop a workforce that is diverse in style and background.

 We do what we say, we are accountable, we act like owners.

 Good management skills.

 We execute with positive energy and intensity...we hate bureaucracy and all the nonsense that comes with it.

..4 Marketing

Since a company have in a good reputation over the product its marketing strategy would be clearly defined as a major part of the company. By use of 4P’s the KFC had developed their marketing strategies.

Products Innovate new products with new tastes. Team of leading technologists that do research for develop new tastes of fast food for KFC in many years to attract customers.

Place Expand the yum brand products to other countries with the suitable menus. When reopen the new restaurant they need to consider the competitors behaviour in the particular area. KFC have good distribution chancel for supply their products to the franchisees.

Price Create attractive price that can afford all social classes. Marketing manager will be doing with the help of financial department. To have very attractive and profitable price for both us and the consumers

Promotion Start advertising in TV radio and internet, also billboards bus shelters and public transports. The promotions manager will take the responsibility. It has to be inform consumers in around the world when the new menus introduce to the local and international markets.

..5. Research and development

KFC should emphasize on growing the KFC franchises abroad. This will allow KFC to expand into different countries with less capital investing. By allowing franchisees larger flexibility as they expand abroad, they will have a better chance to appeal the local markets. It will be important to make an investment in Research & Development in order to better determine what countries will provide the best growth opportunities for the organization. In addition, KFC should build ties with local organizations in these foreign in order to achieve brand recognition in these new markets.

According to 000 annual report Research and development expenses were $4 million in both 000 and 1 and $1 million in 18.

..6. Performance

KFC is delivering quality products and good customer service by millions of consumers around the world. The main advantage the company facing is their working environment. By creating better working environment it creates a better service towards the consumers. The performance of the organization is highly recognised by many consumers due to highly publicity activities they undertake

.4 Stakeholders Analysis

Who are the key stakeholders?

Stakeholders Responsibilities

shareholders  Higher dividens, share price, assist and profits.

 Sound, well planned and implemented growth strategy.

 Accurate and prompt financial reporting.

 Prompt annual general meeting.

Joint Ventures & Franchise partners  Fair dealing with parent company.

 Profit maximizing

Consumers

 Value for money KFC products

 Product or brand choice.

 Range of products, good customer service and distribution channel.

 KFC foods that will balance their health awareness.

 Reliable KFC products.

Employees

 Job satisfaction.

 High wagers.

 Long term holidays.

Suppliers  Management and knowledge transfer.

 Fair trading reasonable price, business reliability.

 Prompt payment and order processing time.

 Long term growth rate.

 Price strategies.

 Sustained growth rate of company.

Competitors  High competition

 No misleading advertising or promotion

Government

 Prompt and accurate financial reporting and tax paying.

 Contribution to nation’s economic indicates. (Eg. GDP).

 Good corporate citizens.

 Loyalty to legislation.

 Job creation and security to country labour force.

Local society

 Minimize environmental pollution.

 No excessive or cultural �insensitive advertising.

 Avoid wastage of products and raw materials.

 Good corporate citizen.

Banking and other financial resources

 Company profitability

 Financial resource.

What are their values?

 Shareholders - high profit margin.

 Customers - high expectation of the product such as quality, price and brand loyalty.

 Employees - friendly environment, flexible time schedule, reasonable salary, challenging career.

 Suppliers- Good reliable service

 Competitors - value of challenging higher rank competitors.

 Government- government income (tax)

Their outside interests

The main outside interest are that the KFC seeking for is to create a better friendly environment within the employees. This could be a great advantage to the consumers to increase much awareness of the existence of the company. The other factor would be to create environment friendly company which tend to minimize the environment pollution by using recycling products.

.5 Portfolio analysis

This analysis generating of strategic alternatives through the use of matrix techniques, sustainable competitive advantage and the experience curve. Portfolio matrix is actual concept of a portfolio (of brand, of product, of personal investments etc.) (John, 00, study Guide)

Related Market Share

High Low

Product Sales Growth Rate High (Stars)

(Question Mark)

Low (Cash Cows)





 KFC (USA) (Dogs)

 KFC (Mexico)

 KFC(Brazil)

star Question Mark Cash Cows Dogs

KFC’s located in star category have high market growth and a large share of the market. Significant amounts of cash are required to maintain their growth rate. Special promotions, high sales costs, lack of economy, and high competition (new market entries) force the firm to spend a great deal of cash to enhance or maintain its market position.

KFC’s located in question mark category may be the stars that lost their market share position to competition or cash cows whose position was eroded by superior competitive products KFC’s located in cash cow category moves out of the growth stage of the product life cycle, it no longer needs large amounts of cash to support its growth and defend its market position. At this point the product has reach maturity (high experience) and generates cash that can be used to support new product development (stars) and enhance the position of a problem child.

KFC’s located in dogs categories are faced with no growth potential and low market share. Since future opportunities for these products are unlikely, management may give serious consideration to eliminating them, depending on the impact on sales of other product in the line.

Beginning in 15, we have been strategically reducing our share of total system units by selling Company restaurants to existing and new franchisees where their expertise can generally be leveraged to improve our overall operating performance, while retaining Company ownership of key U.S. and International markets. This portfolio-balancing activity has reduced, and will continue to reduce, our reported revenues and restaurant profits and has increased the importance of system sales as a key performance measure. We expect to substantially complete our enfranchising program in 001.Estimated reduction in Company sales, restaurant margin and general and administrative expenses (“G&A”), (b) the estimated increase in franchise fees and (c) the equity income (loss) from investments in unconsolidated affiliates (“equity income”). The amounts presented below reflect the estimated impact from stores that were operated by us for all or some portion of the comparable period in the respective previous year and were no longer operated by us as of the last day of the respective year.

The following table summarizes the estimated revenue impact of the Portfolio Effect

000

U.S. International Worldwide

Reduced sales $(88) $(46) $(1,084)

Increased franchise fees 1 5

Reduction in total revenues $(7) $() $(1,0)

The following table summarizes the estimated impact on ongoing operating profit of the Portfolio Effect

000

U.S. International Worldwide

Decreased restaurant margin $(0) $(5) $(115)

Increased franchise fees 1 5

Decreased G&A 11 6 17

Equity income (loss) � (1) (1)

(Decrease) in ongoing operating $(40) $(7) $(47)

Profit



.6 Macro- Environmental Analysis



Economic

The health of a nation’s economy affects the performance of individual firms and

industries. Because of this, companies study the economic environment to identify changes, trends and their strategic implications.

The economic environment refers to the nature and direction of the economy in which a firm competes or may compete.

Economic environment, that potentially positively or negatively affects the KFC’s ability to conduct the business in local and the overseas market. .

 When consider the Mexican economy by year 000 had stabilized and the GDP was increased at an average annual rate of 4% and unemployment had decreased to slightly more than percent. This economic condition better grow in KFC and other fast food industries in the Mexico.

 Mexican Peso is depreciated against US dollar because of inflation and higher interest rates.

Social- Cultural

The socio-cultural segment is concerned with a society’s attitudes and cultural values. Because attitudes and values form cornerstone of a society, they often drive demographic, economic, political/legal and technological conditions and changes.

This case study, historically franchises made up a large share of KFC’s international restaurant base, because franchises were owned and operated by local entrepreneurs who had grassroots understanding of local language and culture.

Attitude towards customer service due to large number of foods, services and considerable number of competitors in the fast food industry, customers are faced with high variety of options; therefore they demand a quality standard of customer service driving to satisfy their expectations. That causes changes in attitudes, beliefs, norms, customs and lifestyles and culture. These forces strongly affect the way people live and help determine what, where, how and when customers buy a firm’s products. Customers are increasingly demanding that marketers behave socially-culturally responsible.

Political

This involves assessing the political environment of the country/countries of destination. It includes such factors as the type of government (e.g. democratic, authoritarian), the actions of the host country government (e.g. limits on the amount of foreign ownership, subsidies), the type of economic system (e.g. capitalist, socialist), and the stability of the government (e.g. how long it has been in power).

• Political situation in Asia is not stable because of that industry has to take risk to invest money in Asian countries.

• With the setting up with World Trade Organization (previously named GATT), countries are increasingly lowering down trade barriers. This will open up potential new market. For example Mexico, one of the markets for KFC had been lowering its tariffs since it had become a member of GATT.

• Government rules and regulations effect to fast food industry. Changes government policies, changes in tax related laws on the industry.

• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) had eliminated tariffs on goods shipped between Canada, Mexico, and the United State.

• Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil signed a custom union agreement (Mercour) in 11 to eliminate tariffs on trade among those four countries.

• Investors do not like to invest when countries have war, revolution and changers government rapidly.

Technological

Pervasive and diversified in scope, technological changes affect many parts of societies. Their effects occur primarily through new products, processes and materials. The technological segment includes the institutions and activities involved with creating new knowledge and translating that knowledge into new outputs, products, processes and materials.

Demographic

The demographic segment is concerned with a population’s size, age structure,

Geographic distribution, ethnic mix and income distribution.5 As previously noted, the firm analyses demographic segments on a global basis rather than a domestic-only basis.

As a USA and global market of the KFC has to be very concern with those demographic factors because slight change of one factor could affect the whole market at once.

For example aging population of most countries are increasing these days and new younger generation is taking the world therefore market is changing due to their needs and taste if we think that we do the same thing that we did during the post war period or baby boomers time it is not going to work now. But the fast food industry still mainly based on the baby boomers.

According to theCase study indicates that the fast food industry mainly based on these age categories such as baby boomers aged 5 to 50 constituted the larger consumer group for fast food restaurants. Generation Xers (ages 5 to 4) and the “mature” category (aged 51 to 64) made up the second and third large groups who use fast food in the country.

4. Statement of alternative options

• The Company is fulfilling its promises by delivering

• Increase the number of stores over the next two years

• Advertising and promote KFC’s products in targeted countries

• Joint ventures. KFC should continue its joint ventures operation with local and international.

• An important measure against which the board must and should be judged is the growth in the price of the Companys stock. At this time their performance in this regard is deficient.

• Generating shareholder value.

• Focusing on the customers.

• Capitalize on their technological advantage in fast food improvement.

• Satisfying a global demand for the next generation of fast food.

• Try to produce more innovative new tastes and menus and bring them to market.

• The demand for a healthier life-style among consumers would create defection from fast food to healthier food types.

• Concentrating on positioning KFC as an international brand name.

• Emphasize innovation in production to increase quality and reduce costs.

5. Reasons for rejecting the other options

• KFC doesnt have ability to concern any options with price considerations.

• Tricon International Restaurant must show the profits and new investments. This is depending on gain the trust from investors. Bit hard to increase the price of the shares.

6. Recommendations

• Extend the use of local suppliers in the form raw food supplies and distribution services.

• Create and add local food items on the menu that cater to global market taste.

• Create a management hub in the Latin American region to oversee operations of franchises in those countries.

• The non-tariff and free-trade agreements would only ease the management of these franchises.



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development of hilton hotels

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Nowadays in the world, almost everyone knows there is a hotel named HILTON, which is often described as Hilton has become and is synonymous for the word Hotel. Conrad Hilton is the founder of Hilton hotels who purchased his first hotel in Cisco, Texas back in 11. The first hotel to carry the Hilton name was built in Dallas in 15. In 14, Hilton became the first coast-to-coast hotel chain in the United States, and in 14, open its first hotel outside the U.S. in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Hilton went on the New York Stock Exchange in 146, and Conrad Hilton purchased the Waldorf Astoria in 14.

Hilton is absolutely one of the most important hotel groups in the lodging industry, which owns 4 hotels worldwide, 147,667 rooms worldwide, 8% brand awareness worldwide. There are some reasons about for Helton expanding internationally. The biggest one is the international tourism is been increased in the world.

Region Number of international tourists 10 000 Share of world total (%) 10 000 Average annual change 15-000(%)

Africa 15.0 7.6 .6 4.0 6.6




Americas

(North America) (71.7) (.0) (14.6) (1.) (.7)

Total Americas . 18.0 1.8 18.5 .4

Eastern Asia and pacific

Western Asia . 6.4 0.8 0. 8.8

Europe 8.7 40. 58.8 57.7 4.5

Middle East .0 0.6 . . 10.7

World 457. 68.8 100 100 4.

International tourism trends, 10-000,by international travel to major regions

Region Number of hotels10 18 Change from 10 to 18000s; (%) Share of world total (%)18

Africa 48 5(8.5) .8

Americas

(North America) (65) (41) (481(1.)) (6.8)

Total Americas 408 5164 856(1.) .5

Eastern Asia and pacific 487 1088(45.4) .6

Western Asia 111 171 60(54.1) 1.1

Europe 41 55 10(0.8) 8.5

Middle East 160 1 61(8.1) 1.4

World 1 15406 18(6.0) 100

Size of the international hotel industry

From the first table, we can know the amount number of tourist have a stable increase in the world and Europe still have the biggest tourism market and America¡¯s tourism market share % have a decrease in last ten years. From second graph we can know the number of hotels in each regions have a fast increase, especially in Asia the change percentage is 45.4%. From these data Hilton need international expanding to hold its place in lodging industry. Expand internationalize also have advantages for Hilton. Firstly Through the expand Helton hotels has a huge development and became the largest hotel in the world. Secondly expanding can increase the market share percentage which can make profit increase.

However the international expanding is not easy for hospitality companies. It needs a particular plan. Environmental scanning is very important part of international expanding plan. For example, Holiday Inn insisted on rigid standardization. Resisted by the French and Belgians-as a result Holiday Inn lost $8 million between 171-175 due to their failure to make concessions for local tastes or ways of operating ¡®locally¡¯. Segal-Horn (14) argued that this is what the business traveler and tourist valued most. The American influence was dominated by economic strength and the political and cultural forces¡­operationally focused on ¡®best practice¡¯. Through this example, if we do not do the environmental scanning, the hospitality companies are always failure in expanding. Because company does not realize the market is fit for hospitality industry or not. The result of this situation, which usually makes the capital and profit loss. In this part Hilton do very well. Hilton has several world-renowned, marquee properties; some of which are Beverly Hilton, Cavalieri Hilton in Rome, Hilton Athens, Hilton San Francisco, Hilton New York, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Hilton Waikoloa Village, Paris Hilton, and others.

All in all, nowadays internationalize expanding is a tendency in hospitality industry. Hilton hotels are following this tendency to expand and make themselves to one of the most important hotel groups in the lodging industry in the world. Hilton solve the environmental scanning very well make she realize the market and put the right investment for expanding mostly which also important reason for hers success in hospitality industry.

Reference

Website

www.hilton.com

www.travelweb.com

www.hiltonhhonors.com

Source

WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (001) TRENDS IN TOURIST MARKETS







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I find Mabel in The New Dress by Virginia Woolf paradoxical. She portrays severe insecurity and a lack of self-esteem while at the same time a healthy and objective sense of self, causing her to try and surpass her limitations.

The fact that Mabels enjoyment in society is directly related to how same society perceives her, points to a lack of confidence. Not secure that the crowd at the party isnt snickering about her dress, Mabel can barely tolerate her short stay and leaves inexcusably early.

As she sits in the corner bemoaning her lack of style and acceptance, Mabel simultaneously addresses her known faults. She consistently compares herself to a fly struggling to climb out of the milk-saucer again pointing to her insignificant image of herself and the imperfection in her character that has to be dealt with.

When leaving the party she reaffirms the steps she will take to strengthen herself thereby becoming a greater social success.




Unfortunately though, the mere knowledge of her fault isnt enough. Mabel, with the best of intentions had already set out to overcome ingrained habit and optimistically fashioned an outdated dress due to a lack of funds. When it came down to it though, she couldnt pull it off, immediately interpreting words, gestures and looks as condemnation, and not posessing the strength or security to thrive in her difference.

Although Mabel posesses the strength that should see her through her fault, namely identifying her problem thereby being able to solve it, her character weakness is all encompassing and isnt likely to be overcome.





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Semiconductors

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What is a semiconductor and what is the basis of this classification?

A semiconductor is a material that intermediates between a conductor and an insulator.

Electrical conduction represents the ability of a material to conduct electric charges. Some materials are very good at it and are called conductors; the materials that are hopeless at it are called insulators.

Semiconductors (aka semi-insulators) are not very good at it. But under certain conditions, they can almost be a conductor.




What are the electron shells in an atom?

Electrons ‘revolve’ around the nucleus but they do not have the same orbit. The organization of electrons within an atom is actually a very difficult problem, which is solved by a discipline called quantum physics.

Electrons occupy orbits that are called energy levels. The first orbit closest to the nucleus in the K-shell (or shell 1); the second orbit, further away is the L-shell (or shell ); the third shell is the M-shell (or shell ), etc.

However each level can only carry a maximum no. Of electron which is n^ (n is the level no.)

What is the distribution of electrons in the Silicon atom?

Silicon (Si) atomic no. Are 14

· electrons go into the level 1

· 8 electrons go into the level

· 4 electrons go into the level

How are the ‘energy levels’ and electron shells in an atom related?

What are ‘orbitals’?

Orbitals are finer subdivisions of the energy levels.

Where are the lowest energy states for electrons found?

Energy dictates how the energy levels arrange themselves in the atom. The lowest energy states are the most stable. They are also closer to the nucleus.

What are the valence electrons and why are they so important?

If we look at how the electrons fill the orbitals, we notice that the elements that belong to the same column of the periodic table (e.g. sulfur and oxygen) have the same no. of outermost electrons. These are called the valence electrons they drive the chemical, electronic and optical properties of the elements.

What happens when two atoms of the same species approach each other?

As they move closer together, the energy levels broaden into bands to accommodate more electrons. In a material, which contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous band. The gap between the bands represent energies that no electron can possess. They are forbidden states.

What happens in materials, which contain many atoms?

In a material that contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous band.

What is significant about the gap between electron bands in such materials?

The gap between electron bands and such materials is significant because it represents energies that no electrons can posses. It is a forbidden state.

The highest energy band that is occupied by one or more electrons is called the valence band. The next higher vacant level is called the conduction band. Conduction and valence band are separated by a gap, which represent a set of energies that electrons cannot have.

What do we term the highest energy band occupied by one or more electrons?

In a material, which contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous bands.

What so we call the band above this (normally with no electrons in it)?

The gap between the bands represent energies that no electron can possess, they are forbidden states.

What separates the valence and conduction bands?

The highest energy band that is occupied by one or more electrons is called the valence band. The next higher vacant level is called the conduction band.

The conduction and valence band are separated by a gap, which represent a set of energies that electrons cannot have.

Two atoms of the same species, as they move closer together, the energy levels broaden into bands to accommodate more electrons. In a material, which contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous band. The gap between the bands represents energies that no electrons can posses, forbidden states.

What are the three possible positions of the mezzanine level that the creatures can jump to?

You can adjust the height of the mezzanine level to see how the creatures jump. There are three positions available low, medium and high.

What happens when the heat is turned on?

The creatures get a little bit excited they move faster and jump higher; the mezzanine level is occupied from time to time.

What happens when the mezzanine level is raised to the high level and the heat is turned up?

When the level of the mezzanine is raised. Our creatures want to find some space but they cannot jump high enough to reach the mezzanine level, they don’t have enough energy. When the heat is turned on the creatures get excited but they do not have enough energy to jump on the mezzanine, which remains unoccupied.

What happens when the heat is on and the mezzanine has been lowered a little?

Which variations of the experiment model the behaviour of the electrons in

i.) Conductors?

ii.) Insulators?

iii.) Semiconductors?

Describe an insulator in terms of the energy bans of electrons in a material

In an insulator the valence band is completely filled with electrons. The energy between the gaps and the conduction band is large. Electrons do not have enough energy to jump to the conduction band.

Describe a conductor in terms of the energy bands of electrons in a material. What is the relationship between the valence band and the conduction band in a conductor?

In a conductor, the valence band is partially filled with electrons. The electrons can move freely inside the valence band throughout the solid. They don’t need to jump the energy gap. The valence band is the conduction band.

Describe a semiconductor in terms of the energy bands. How big is the gap between the valence and conduction bands? How can electrons gain enough energy to move between valence and conduction bands?

In a semiconductor the valence band is completely filled with electrons just like in the insulator. However the energy gap between the valence and the conduction band is small. Electrons can get enough energy to jump to the conduction band. The surplus of energy can be brought by different sources temperature and illumination.

What are two examples of semiconductors?

Silicon and germanium.

What are some uses of semiconductors?

Until the invention of the transistor, semiconductors were just a scientific curiosity. Since then, they have become the key material in electronics. They can be used to amplify signals, to detect radiation, to emit light, etc.

Semiconductors are present in our every day life.

What are the useful properties of semiconductors based on?

Semiconductors have many useful properties that conductors and insulators do not possess. These properties are based on the fact that an electron can jump from the valence band to the conduction band and vice versa.

How is a HOLE generated and where is it created?

The hole is created when an electron in a semiconductor jumps from the valence band to the conduction band.

However the scientists decided to give a scientific name to this empty space and call it the hole.

Which are the important electrons?

Some electrons and holes play an important role in the electrical conduction in semiconductors

· These electrons are the ones that jumped in the conduction band.

· These holes are the ones that are created in the valence band.

What charges do holes have? Can they move? How fast do they move compared with electrons? In which direction do they move compared to electrons?

Electrons have a negative charge. Holes have a positive charge.

Electrons and holes are not static they can move. Holes move more slowly than electrons. When electrons move in one direction, holes move in the opposite direction.

What does it mean to say that an electron or hole is ‘free’?

A solitary electron in the presence of a solitary hole will recombine.

Only electrons and holes that are free, and hence have not recombined, play a role in electrical conduction.

What are two ways that an electron-hole pair can be created? What is the phenomenon called caused by light?

· Temperature can give this little extra energy to an electron and make it jump to the conduction band thus creating a hole in the valence band.

· Light can also give this energy boost and create what scientists call an electron-hole pair a free hole and a free electron this phenomenon is called absorption.

What is photoconductivity?

Photoconductivity is the increase of current in a semiconductor due to the absorption of photons.

What causes photoconductivity?

Light has a dual nature it behaves as a wave and a particle.

The particle associated with light is called a photon. Photons can have different energies.

When light illuminates a semiconductor

· The photons with the right energy are absorbed by the material.

· The electrons from the valence band have enough energy to jump to the conduction band.

· The conductivity increases due to the higher number of electrons in the conduction band.

The movies show photons of red light failing to cause photoconductivity while those of blue light do cause it. How is this explained in terms of the band gap energy required by electrons and Planck’s equation (E=hf)?

The electrons need a minimum energy to jump to the conduction band. This minimum energy is the energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band. Photons with energy greater than the energy bandgap of the material will be absorbed.

What is electroluminescence?

Electroluminescence is the conversion of electrical energy into light.

How does electroluminescence work?

Let’s consider electrons in the conduction band. These electrons are in an excited state they have gained some energy to jump to the conduction band.

Such electrons eventually fall into the valence band in a lower energy state

· They release the extra energy that they have.

· This energy is emitted as a photon

Why is the resulting light called incoherent?

Photons emitted by electroluminescence come out in random directions this type of light is called incoherent light.

How is stimulated emission different from electroluminescence?

Stimulated emission is a bit like electroluminescence except that it is not a spontaneous process the excited electron is forced into jumping back to the valence band and emitting a photon.

What does it mean to say that electrons are in an ‘excited state’?

Let’s suppose that we sent photons

· These photons stimulate the electrons in the conduction band.

· The electrons fall back into the valence band.

What stimulates the emission of photons?

Photons emitted by stimulated emission have the same energy as the incident photons and are in step with each other this type of light is called coherent light.

What does it mean to say that the light is coherent? What sort of device causes light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation?

Stimulated emission and electroluminescence convert information and energy from an electronic to an optical form.

However in the case of stimulated emission, we have a coherent light emitting device. Or a LASER

Changing the Properties of Semiconductors - DOPING



This section is about creating p and n type semiconductors by doping elements like germanium and silicon with other elements like phosphorus and boron.

An n-type semiconductor has electrons in the conduction band as the majority carriers of charge. The ‘n’ type comes from the fact that electrons are negative.

A p-type semiconductor has holes in the valence band as the majority carriers of charge. The ‘p’ comes from the fact that holes are opposite of electrons and can be thought of as the equivalent of positive charge.

What is doping?

In material sciences, doping refers to the introduction of foreign impurity atoms in a material in order to change or alter its performance.

Doping is very important and extensively used in the semiconductor industry to change the electrical properties of a semiconductor.

How many valence electrons does silicon have and what shell are they in?

Atomic number 14

It has three shells in the first, 8 in the second and 4 in the third.

What bonding is present in the lattice of silicon?

Silicon atoms are bound to each other by what is called a covalent bond.

The silicon atoms co-operate and lend each other their outer electrons in order to have eight in the outer shell, which is a stable configuration.

How do you dope silicon to get a p-type semiconductor?

With boron.

How doe you dope silicon to get an n-type semiconductor?

With phosphorus.

Compared to silicon how many valence electrons does phosphorus have?

Atomic number 15

Compared to silicon how many valence electrons does boron have?

Atomic number 5

How is it that, if silicon is doped with phosphorus, you have an extra electron which is free to move within the crystal? I.e. How has the phosphorus created a donor site?

Replace the central silicon atom in lattice with a phosphorus atom. 4 out of the 5 outer electrons are the phosphorus are shared with the other silicon atoms. However, we have an extra electron which is free to move in the crystal.

Phosphorus has created a donor site because it is able to donate one of its outer electrons.

How does doping silicon with boron create an acceptor site (a hole)?

Replace the central silicon atom by a boron atom. The outer electrons of the boron are shared with the other silicon atoms. However, it is one electron short.

Boron has created an acceptor site because it is ready to accept an electron to complete the bond.

Define an n-type semiconductor.

In the case of silicon

· If we have a lot of phosphorus in a silicon crystal

o We have a lot of free electrons.

· If we have a lot of boron in a silicon crystal

o We are short of electrons or in other words, we have a lot of free holes.

When the majority carriers are electrons, the semiconductor is said to be of n-type.

Define a p-type semiconductor.

When the majority carriers are holes, the semiconductors are said to be of p-type.

http//www.vosislab.usyd.edu.au/photonics/devices/index.html

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