Human Cloning

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HUMAN CLONING


Straight out of the movie Jurassic Park, scientist would like to clone a nicely preserved 0,000-year-old woolly mammoth that was discovered in the frozen plains of Siberia, and that’s not all. Since PPL Therapeutics, Inc. of Scotland successfully cloned the first genetic twin of an adult mammal, scientific possibilities have expanded to God-like proportions. Now in this short period of time, scientists are ready to take the final step; i.e., the cloning of a human being.


Cloning, the process of making genetically identical (mirror image) organisms through nonsexual means is a natural occurrence and now a scientific development. The idea of being able to reproduce a genetic copy of another animal has intrigued scientist for quite awhile. Following is a cross-section of the history of cloning


400 million years B.C.- As far as the earth is concerned, plants cloned themselves since their introduction to the planet.


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18- Hans Spermann of Germany suggested taking the nucleus from a cell in a late-stage embryo and transplants the nucleus into an egg. He referred to this as the “Fantastical Experiment.”





15- Robert Briggs and T.J. King used a pipette to suck the nucleus from the cell of an advanced frog embryo, and then added it to a frog egg. The egg didn’t develop.


170- John Gurdon tried the same frog experiment using Briggs and King’s procedures with success. The eggs developed into a tadpole, but died when they were ready to begin feeding.


17- Ian Wilmut- produced the first calf born from a frozen embryo implanted into a surrogate mother.


181- Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe deceived the scientific community with their reports of successfully cloned mice and embryo cells. Their fraud was subsequently exposed.


1- Embryologist from George Washington University cloned human embryos in a lab dish to cells, large enough to be planted into a surrogate woman although they weren’t.


14- Neal First, cloned calves to 10 cells.


16- Wilmut repeated First’s experiment with sheep. Sheep embryo cells were put into a resting state before transfer of their nuclei to sheep eggs. The eggs subsequently developed into lambs.


17- Wilmut and colleague Keith Campbell cloned an adult sheep.


With the conception of Dolly the sheep at the PPL Therapeutics laboratory, cloning has opened the barnyard door to endless possibilities. Since Dolly, scientists around the world have experimented with the cloning process to produce an arcane animal farm of mice, sheep, goats, cows, and pigs. As of January 8, 001, Advanced Cell Technologies, Inc. cloned a guar named Noah, an endangered ox-like creature native to India and Southeast Asia. This experiment demonstrated the possibility of cloning endangered species through compatible surrogates. Noah’s surrogate birth mother was a cow. This same company intends to clone an extinct bucardo mountain goat using the preserved cells collected from the last, deceased bucardo.


Gardeners cloned plants for centuries and nature for much longer. Since the conception of Dolly, mammal cloning has catapulted scientific possibilities. This next section will explore the different methods of plant and animal cloning and how it works.


As an act of survival or a way to produce an award-winning orchid, here are three different types of plant cloning techniques. First is the natural occurrence where a plant grows a runner. A runner is a modified stem that grows horizontally across the ground till the runner takes root. Here is where a new clone of the mother plant sprouts. Similar cloning happens with grass, potatoes, and onions. Second is the method of cutting. For example, a leaf or a branch is cut from a host, and this cutting is planted. This cutting will grow into an identical plant. The new plant is a clone due to the fact it has the same genetic composition of the host. Lastly is tissue culture propagation, widely used by horticulturist to grow rare flowers. This is a scientific process of taking pieces of specialized roots, breaking down to the root cells, and growing the cells in nutrient-rich culture. Stimulated by hormones, the culture will grow into a new plant identical to the one from which the root cells were taken.


Plants aren’t the only organisms capable of cloning themselves; lower forms of animals clone themselves quite often. For example, the unfertilized eggs of frogs can develop into adulthood under certain environmental conditions. This is process of parthenogenesis where the offspring are identical clones of the female that laid the egg.


Since cloning isn’t new in nature or horticulture, the cloning of animals seems the natural scientific progression. Experiments with frogs and toads date back to the 170’s when John


Gurdon successfully cloned tadpoles using the process of embryonic cloning. Building upon previous experiments, Ian Wilmut successfully cloned Dolly, a fully-grown mammal.


Wilmut used the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the DNA from a single cell is


taken from the mother egg, then fused with the mammary cell. The fused cell will then develop into an embryo, which is placed into a surrogate mother. The embryo will subsequently grow into a genetically identical twin of the donor sheep. As in Dolly’s case, scientist took the nucleus from Finn Dorset sheep and substituted it with the nucleus of a Poll Dorset’s egg. Once the egg reached the embryo stage, it was implanted into a third breed of sheep; i.e., a Scottish Blackface. Dolly was born 148 days later as an exact genetic copy of the Finn Dorset.


The actual cloning process isn’t very difficult with today’s technology, but it does come with its pitfalls. Unlike Thomas Edison’s countless endeavors to find the right filament needed for the success of the light bulb, using the same technique (nuclear transfer), it took PPL Technologies 77 attempts to successfully clone Dolly. Though Dolly is touted as a success, scientists are in search of better techniques to keep the womb of the surrogate mother from aborting the embryo.


Although each researcher has their specific technique, the best known is the Roslin Technique, and the most effective and recently developed is the Honolulu Technique.


Today, due to its feasibility, the idea of human cloning has been thrust to the scientific forefront. The idea of human cloning has intrigued scientists for decades. During World War II, top German scientists tinkered with the concept of cloning Adolph Hitler thankfully for


the world, their effort came up short. Since Wilmut’s success, scientists such as Richard Seed, a Harvard doctorate, expressed his plans to open a human cloning clinic for infertile couple. He is only one of many who believe that within the next five to ten years, the world will witness the first successfully cloned human being.


Without indulging in the countless moral, ethical, or spiritual arguments raised from the idea of human cloning, problems exist with the procedures. First and foremost, the fact Wilmut has publicly admitted procedural mistake were made with the cloning process of Dolly. Wilmut stated there is a possibility the cell came from a fetus. A very important fact, considering scientists have been able to clone mammals from fetus cells and this may also explain why nobody has been able to duplicate Wilmut’s procedure.


Also, there is the problem of removing the DNA of a human somatic cell and transferring it to an enucleated cell. This is currently not possible due to somatic cells are very specialized and harbor many genes that “turn off” and scientist don’t know how to turn them back “on”. But, answers may only be a matter of time.


Many arguments can be made for human cloning. One is left to examine the practical use of therapeutic and human cloning, and how it could be used in society. Focusing on medical and social use, the following are possibilities of the new technology.


Human cloning possibilities could offer tremendous opportunities to the medical community in its fight to save lives. The following are possibilities and ideas of where cloning research could go.


· Providing a continuous supply of donor organs for patients in need. Selective organs or an entire body could be cloned and its organs targeted for donation.


· Cloned donor organs could eliminate organ rejection. A cloned organ would be a genetic match to the host, and the host’s body wouldn’t reject what it considers foreign matter.


· Scientist may be able to unlock the mysteries of cancer its rapid cell growth.


· Cloned cells may be used to regenerate damaged tissues. Tissue damage and muscular diseases, such as muscular sclerosis could possibly be regenerated from stem cells.





· Embryo splitting could be used to eradicate genetic disease. The embryo could be cloned and one tested for disease. If the test is negative, then the healthy embryo implanted into its mother.


Society may also find benefits of human cloning. The following are possible societal application of human cloning, as well as cloning in general.


· The ability to live again or raise an identical child lost to an unfortunate death. Studies have shown that identical twins that are raised apart often share similar personalities and intelligence, even though they possessed entirely different experience and background (Vere ).


· An other very important medical benefit that could be obtained through cloning technology is to grow “spare parts” to be used in organ transplants. For instance, a heart, kidney, or liver could be grown outside of the body to be used on organ transplants without fear of refection from the recipient’s body, eliminating the need for anti-rejection drugs (Nash 1).


· Diagnosis and curing of genetic diseases such as diabetes could be developed through cloning research. Before an artificially fertilized embryo is implanted a cell from the embryo could be cloned and analyzed fro genes that cause diseases. This way an embryo with the highest chance of good health and survival could be selected for implantation. This could also lead to diagnosis and prevention of, or even the creation of resistance to diseases such as cancer or AIDS (Dumesic1).





· Infertile couple could reproduce from the ability of cloning. This could guarantee reproductive success. Through cloning, these people would have a chance to give birth to a child that is genetically related to them. This, to many people, is more desirable than raising an adopted child or using sperm and eggs from an unrelated donor. This way the parents will be relieved and assured that their genes will be passed on to future generations.


· Prospective parent could basically pick from a catalog of cloned children and have that embryo implanted into the mother.


· Considering the fact the DNA donor need not be alive, the cloning of the famous and the infamous individuals of the past would now be possible. For example, cloning brilliant mathematicians, physicists, and theoreticians such as Sir Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, or Sigmund Freud, to name a few, could have great benefits for science. While the clones of these people would not be like the originals in every way it is believed that their capacity for intelligence would be as great if not greater.


· Cloning an endless, healthy food supply to feed the world.


Considering the fact human cloning was not feasible until Wilmut’s success, suddenly the possibilities became ever more apparent to the world. Shortly after the announcement of Dolly, people, politicians and nations took noticed and started enacting legislation to ban attempts to clone humans. In 17, within the same year of Wilmut’s success, President Clinton proposes the Cloning Prohibition Act, which banned the implantation of a cloned


human cell into a female’s womb for the next five years. This act also banned any type of research involving infertile couples.


The United States isn’t the only Country to enact legislation banning human cloning. As present as 1 June 001, the G8 (countries consisting of the United States, Canada, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, Britain, and Russia) science ministers met in Quebec, Canada, to focus on a worldwide ban of the Cloning of the human genome. Canadian scientist Gilbert Normand, Canadian Secretary of State for Science, present at the meeting stated, “Everyone is going in the same direction” in reference to G8 support of a worldwide human cloning ban. The G8 would like to press even further with the rejection of intellectual property rights on the human genome, which is the genetic map of the human species.


In conclusion, the possibilities of the newfound science of cloning have caught the attention of the world. Its potential medical and societal uses, either right or wrong, moral or immoral, have still not been fully explored to its fullest. Only time will tell what’s done with this knowledge.


A reminder therapeutic cloning is not banned; human cloning is � for now.


To ban therapeutic research will result in the loss of a technology that will someday cure diseases, or prevent the deaths of people who wait endlessly for an organ for transplant, or even give hope to people who otherwise cannot have their own child.


In spite of this, people should be educated enough about cloning rather than being told that it is harmful.


People should learn about cloning and draw conclusions based on facts, not on what they read in novels, or see in movies, this is all hearsay. Probably the most often argued point is that cloning is not natural and is tantamount to “playing God.” This might be valid argument if every person in the world shared the same religious beliefs. However, this is obviously not so. Religious diversity in America alone is too great to justify one sector determining the lawfulness or morality of anyone else’s beliefs. To bring in morality and ethics are also issues of personal opinion that cannot really be absolutely refuted, but they are mostly based on religious beliefs that are not shared by all, and on fears that stem from a lack of knowledge of what cloning really is and what it can do for us.


Bibliography


1. http//agino.org/shangaris/GenClon/


. http//www.cnn.com/HEALTH/indepth.health/genetics/cloning.html


. http//www.beloit.edu/biology/genethics/cloning.html


4. http//library.thinkquest.org/455/data/details/techniques/roslin.html


5. http//library.thinkquest.org/455/data/details/techniques/honolulu.html


6. http//library.thinkquest.org/455/data/details/techiques/nucleartransfer.html


7. http//www.cs.virgina.edu/jones/tmp5project8/group1/practical.html


8. http//www.cs.virgina.edu/jones/tmp5project8/group1/how.html


. http//atheism.about.com/religion/atheism/cs/cloningnewsands/index.htm


10. http//prinstory.asp?section=SCIENCE-SCIENCE-CLONING-G8-DC&rev=00106


11. http//www.humancloning.org





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