Saturday 28 April 2012

Wasting Techniques – Consider a range of products to determine the methods of ‘wasting’ applied to achieve the required ‘forms’.

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The term wasting is used to describe those processes that produce waste by cutting bits out or cutting bits off. For example, sawing will produce saw dust. Waste is not always something that is discarded, it is increasingly more cost effective and responsible to look at the waste material as a recyclable commodity.


wasting processes include


Planing


Chiselling


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Sawing


Filing


Drilling


Centre lathe turning


Wood turning


Milling


Screw cutting


The action of cutting is in fact the same for all wasting processes. It can be linked to driving a wedge into the material causing the waste to split off. Tool cutting angles are important, tools work by tearing and then cleaning up the surface of the material that they are cutting. This is achieved by a combination of rake, cutting and clearance angles.


Looking around the home it may be seen that many items in which are formed have been wasted in order to require these forms. For example products such as bowls, dishes, spindles, legs and lamps which have been created using wood lathes. There is a very wide range of wood turning tools including scrapes, gouges and chisels. The tools are hand held against a rest that must be adjusted close to the work and at a height that suits the tool being used.


Almost any shape can be cut out of a solid mass of any material by some technique. If designers choose to use such a method in order to create their product, then their role is to facilitate the task so that it becomes cost effective. Every effort must be made to minimise the amount of material which needs to be removed and to simplify its removal. This means, were possible, designing around standard sections, conventional machinery, standard tooling and work holding assemblies. The design of special jigs and fixtures as part of the production process is quite common, but there must be a very clear justification.


When shapes are produced by removing material from a solid mass this is generally known as a ‘wasting technique’. In many cases it may be possible to use or recycle the material removed, but certainly the swarf produced from machining steels is difficult to reprocess. Wasting should not, however be thought of only in terms of the cutting of metals. Wood and plastics can be machined, clay jiggered, ceramics strickled, stone carved and metals can be shaped by electrical, chemical and sintered carbides as well as on the most brittle metals.


The problems associated with designing for a wasting technique can be considered in two areas firstly, how the material is going to be removed, and secondly, how the work piece is to be held, the tool manipulated and provided with power. These latter problems relate to the design of jigs, fixtures and machines. Although special jigs and fixtures might well be made up in order to produce quite a small quantity of components, building a special machine of any complexity can only be justified for very high production volumes. It is clearly essential for designed to develop an awareness of the capabilities of existing machines.


The methods available for removing materials can be categorised into four groups mechanical, electrical, chemical and thermal methods. Mechanical methods are by far the most common. Electrical methods find applications in working difficult materials and chemical methods in dealing with large components. Methods relying entirely on hear are used to cut shapes from metals and plastics are important production processes.


There are three main types of machine for shaping materials by wasting


Lathes


Milling machines


Drills


Lathes The centre lathe spins the work around and a tool or cutter is brought up to it. The process is called turning.


• Parallel turning produces cylindrical forms.


• Facing produces a flat surface.


• You can also use a centre lathe can to cut a screw or a thread.


Some centre lathes are controlled by a computer. This gives greater accuracy and enables boring, repetitive work to be done by machine. A system controlled by someone typing figures into a computer is called a CNC system (computer numerically controlled).


You can use a wood turning lathe for turning a spindle or making a bowl. Again, the work spins round and you shape the wood with a chisel.


Milling machines


In a milling machine or mill the cutter spins round, and you move the work past it. There are horizontal mills and vertical mills. CNC milling machines are widely used in industry.


Drills


You use the pillar drill for drilling accurate holes.


Many factories use multi-axis machines. These might have a selection of cutters and drills which can be used in turn, so that the work can be shaped in a number of ways in one machine. Usually these are controlled by computers. This is called CAM (computer aided manufacturing). If this is linked to CAD (computer aided designing), the whole system is called CAD/CAM.


Additional methods of wasting metals


• Eroding - Very accurate wasting can be done through spark erosion. This is also suitable for wasting very hard metals.


• Ultrasonic machining - Very accurate and suitable for very hard materials such as glass, ceramics and precious stone.





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what charectrises great english poetry

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What Characterises Great Classic Poetry Is Willingness To Experiment. Test This Claim Against Two or More Poems You Have Studied?


Characterisation in great classic poetry uses many different forms; experimentation is just one of these. Great poems such as Shakespeare’s “Shall I Compare Thee” follow the rules of a well structured Poem


Shakespeare managed to write one of the most famous poems in history but managed to stay to the rules of a rhyming couplet. He split it into three quatrains all of the same rhyme scheme (ABABCDCDEFEFGG). He uses an Iambic Pentameter which means that the second syllable is stressed and that a line has five feet or clusters of two syllables adding up to ten syllables in a line. This gives the poem dimension and a real sense of structure, and emphasises the point that Shakespeare is trying to portray.


Shakespeare compares his loved one to a summer’s day; this is comparing the loved one to in many peoples opinion of perfection. The poem uses personification to emphasise the beauty and perfection of the loved one, he personifies the girl as the “eye of the heaven”. This is a strong statement comparing the loved one to god, god is thought of as the highest power there is, but Shakespeare implies that god can be “dimmed” but the loved one can never have fault or be “dimmed”. Then Shakespeare goes on to make claims about the fact the loved one will never “loose possession of that faire thou owst”, this shows Shakespeare’s eternal love for the loved one however she looks. He makes these claims even more outrageous by quoting that “in eternal lines to time thou grow’st”. He praises the loved one, but he is the one who keeps here perfect by comparing her to perfection.


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Shakespeare uses the conventional rules and the rules of a sonnet, but his ingenuity is revealed in his strikingly new comparison and claims he makes successfully for the poets skill. Shakespeare uses new ideas that cause the poem to stand out and be different; striking comparisons gives a larger emphasis on how beautiful Shakespeare thinks the loved one is. Rich imagery adds to the detail needed to write such a good piece of poetry. Shakespeare gives us a witty claim at the end of the poem; this gives the poem a more light hearted touch.


In Donnes poem “The Flea” he uses a new approach to the traditional love poem or wooing verse, he uses wit and energy to entertain the reader who wants to find out what happens at the end due to this. The poem uses three rhyming couplets followed by a rhyming triplet, using the rhyme scheme where the last three lines rhyme (AA BB CC DDD). The stanzas are identical, all consisting of nine lines.


The poem is a startlingly new version of a traditional wooing poem or love poem. The idea of using a flea to associate with love is a new one as many people think other things (e.g. strawberries and cream) are more personal than a flea which is in the lighter sense more of an irritant. This new idea permits Donne to use new ideas and use humour in language and situation. He makes extraordinary claims that because there bloods are mingled in the flea they are one and in one sense married because the flea has bitten both of them. They have also had sex which isn’t a sin, this argument is totally illogical and ludicrous because a insect bites cannot be the basis for relationships or supersede morality, Donne uses these new ideas and claims to try and expel intentions of wit, amusement and intelligence. Donne cleverly creates a sense of religious justification “our marriage bed, and marriage temple is” this almost portrays that they have approval for their pre marital sex. Religious images “three lives in one” and “marriage temple” highlights the claim that they are married. A comic moment occurs when the lover kills the flea, this use of “theatre” is very effective. At a first glance “The Flea” appears to be a traditional love poem, but it is very satire, the man’s complaint is vastly over emphasised. Donne uses a satire view to most of his love poems and it proves to be very effective. I admire the skill and controversial style Donne has used for the poem, without ruining it.


Robert Browning’s poem “My Last Duchess” is a dramatic monologue at it’s best, it uses an unusual character to keep the reader wanting to know what happens at the end. Browning wrote his thoughts which bring out great theatrical sense to the poem, the characters of the poem are terribly eccentric characters even to the state of madness to entertain the reader to the very end. The Rhyme of the poem is terribly simple (ABABB) using an iambic hexameter as the rhythm.


The characters within the poem are very striking, the duke appears to be a cold blooded art collecting murderer, he shows the same sort possessive tendencies towards a lover as Porphyria’s lover does towards his love. In many ways Porphyria’s lover is similar to the Duke, they have both murdered there loved ones and don’t necessarily think it is a bad thing, this shows one of the first pieces of evidence to call them mad. There is no distinction between good and bad in either of the lover’s minds, yet they both seem to be highly intelligent. In “Porphyria’s lover” at least the lover waits for religious implication of murder, whereas the Duke only wants his wives as pieces of art. The language in both pieces is of high quality, the duke seems to think that his actions are truly “OK” and that they are totally rational. The Duke has a problem with his wife having a social life; the sheer fact that the Duke won’t let people view the picture because the girl is smiling leads us to the assumption that once you are married to the Duke you must only show him affection. The moral of the poem is one of that you must be in love before you marry someone and you don’t just do it for a nine hundred year old name, it is a striking image when the duke is parading down a corridor with all the paintings of his wives. Jealously is a large problem that the duke has, he hates to see one of his wives showing anyone else friendship or affection to any one else but him. The duke has a made obsession with art even though he appears to be a psychotic murderer, he appreciates his wife more as a piece of art than a living person but the duke almost uses this as an excuse to execute them after he has them painted.


My conclusion to the question is that a poem must have flair to attract your attention; the poem needs to be different using new ideas and total originality but still stick to the rules of the poem. An essential is a good rhyme scheme and a rhythm to suit the poem whether a dramatic monologue or a classic love poem, the poem must be well planned and contain structure. As shown in The Flea wit can be used to entertain the reader, in all of the poems I have studied above the poets have been very clever with there language and intervention, this educates the reader as well as entertaining them adding to the “greatness”. A great poem needs to be memorable using new ideas and certainly experimentation, all they many people say rules are for fools this has been proved wrong by all of the poems I have studied; these are all great pieces that follow the rules down to the smallest detail. In my opinion I believe that to add “zap!” to a poem experimentation is essential to a poem.








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Friday 27 April 2012

Racism

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“RACISM OUR PAST AND OUR FUTURE”


Racism is everywhere, as much as today tries to hide it or say that we resolved it forty-to-fifty years ago. Racism is still all over the place. Racism first showed it teeth in America, when the segregation of blacks and whites came along. The segregation shut down all activities or actions from whites and blacks. It absolutely separated whites and blacks from being close to each other in public and blacks having no rights. Then the movement took place when Rosa Parks wouldn’t give up her seat to a white man on a bus. At the time she was tired of the treatment her and fellow African-Americans were getting. She said she was tired and on this fateful day she bgan the turning wheels of the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Movement took place and gave blacks their future as they have now. It gave them the freedom that they deserved and needed. They were given the ability to vote; not having to be separated in such insane ways against whites, as they were. Positive helpers in the role of black’s rights were Dr. Martin Luther King and Malcolm X. King had a dream that little black boys and girls would be able to join hands with little white boys and girls. His dream came true. On April 4th 168, King was leaving his motel room. When he was shot and killed.


Everybody knows what racism is, but there are so many other factors that tie in with racism. If someone is a racist they are of course, prejudice. Prejudice is when someone doesn’t like someone for the way they look. A big problem with racism is many live in racist conditions and don’t even see it. It flies right over their heads. Schools, the workplace, our community, our friend’s house, even our homes. We hear a racial slur, oh well, its just a joke. Hardly. If you think racist joke are harmless than you should take a reality check. Racist jokes are just the start of it. Many people think the jokes are funny. Maybe they are, but they still hurt the people the jokes are about. Some of the worst racists are the ones who think that they are not racist, and they really are. They really have to come to grips with reality. Why are they some the worst racists? They are, because they cant comprehend what is happening. They dont realize what they are saying and doing are racist. Until they come to grips with it, there is no problem. No problem, in their minds. They say that they arent racist, even when they dont hire the East Indian employee who was the most qualified of the candidates. Even when the basketball team the coach is white and so is the whole team. And even the time when they moved from their seat at the movie theater because of the black person next to them. Well, gee, they could have been a criminal. A robber from the hood. After all, isnt that what most of them are. No one deserves to be prejudged like that. The prejudice of people in the world is disgusting. The worst part of it all is that they dont even know that they are doing it. They think its normal behavior, it doesn’t even phase them when they do it.


Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. In its modern form, affirmative action can call for an admission’s officer faced with two similarly qualified applicants to choose the minority over the white, or for a manager to recruit and hire a qualified woman for a job instead of a man. Affirmative action decisions are generally not supposed to be based on quotas, nor are they supposed to give any preference to unqualified candidates. And they are not supposed to harm anyone through reverse discrimination.


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Then there are those who are completely unaware of racism in the world. They walk down the streets, through the stores and working at their job, completely oblivious. Theyre so blind! Why cant they see what is happening around them? Have they really lived such sheltered lives? Or do they just not want to believe it is happening? If you take someone and put them in the heart of a racist area, they still wont notice the problems. They will see it with their own eyes, but it wont register in their mind. If these people dont open their eyes, they will never see what is happening. What is going to happen to the world if people dont start realizing what is happening? Will we be plunged into a time where racial tension is everywhere? Will we soon start having racial wars? Will racial violence be a normal every day occurrence? I dont know. No one could know. Unless we start taking action and helping people come to grips with the way they are, we cant combat racism.


Superiority is a big part of racism. Blacks think that they are superior to whites, and whites think they are superior to blacks. That’s one of the main reasons racism is very bad across America. Blacks think they are a better race and whites think they are the better race. Therefore, we fight and create violence to justify who is the greater race. Gangs can be associated with this view. In the sense that every gang thinks that they can’t be stopped. And if someone wears the wrong colors on the wrong street or neighborhood they are going to get hurt or killed. That follows the same scenario, if a white man walks in a black community, it’s generally unsafe in the inner cities or slums. Or if a black man walks in the presence of one or several KKK members, it would be unsafe for the black person. The scenario could go many different ways, but the reality is, that it doesn’t matter who you are or what color you are, its unsafe to be who you are.


Hate in America is getting worse and worse everyday. Every hate crime that happens has to do with race or being prejudice. Everyone is different, that’s the way that God made us. He didn’t intend for us to do this to each other though.


History has had their share of hate crimes, dating back to the start of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK), a group of whites that hate and terrorize blacks. They wear all white, ghost looking outfits. And in their earlier years were known to ride on horses and kill blacks for no reason, just hate. The KKK was more of a southern cult, then became known worldwide, and are still located in the southern parts of the country. The KKK committed hate crimes such as burning down of black churches, and putting crosses to fire. Not to mention torturing blacks and creating brutal deaths.


The future, when you hear that word you start to think about advancing our technology and furthering science. You think of exploring new boundaries and seeing new places. A better world, but a worse world is what I see. The technology may improve as we go into the next century, but what about the children of today that are responsible for the future? Right now, we are only hurting ourselves with racism and hate. We have taken many steps in controlling this disease, but like most diseases, they spread. Where there is a problem, there is a solution. The only solution that seems to be found is to stop the hate. Plain and simple. If only that feeling of walking in public and being looked at the wrong way could end. It’s not even safe to be a Christian anymore, and that’s when you know something’s wrong.


Prejudice is human nature. It will never be stopped. The government can control it with specific penalties for hate crimes, but surely can’t end it. It seems that people would respect someone’s life enough not to take it. Everyone is different; therefore, we have to live with it. We don’t have to associate with that certain someone if they are black or white, but we just have to respect them, and where they come from.





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The politcal ideology of Nazism

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The Political Ideology of the Nazi Party


The Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (Nazi for short), is a party which is based upon policies and doctrines from the National Socialist German Worker’s party. Germany was ruled by Adolph Hitler from 1- 145 under this ideology.


Nazism combines some socialist concepts, racism, and extreme nationalism. It was formed under the opposition to democracy by the German Worker’s party, led by Gottfried Feder. Nazism pushes racial inequality and adherence to the leader. Some races are superior while others are inferior and this ideology believes that they should be separated. The superior race was that of the German “Aryan” race, while blacks and Jews were considered inferior. The superior are meant to govern the inferior and interracial marriages or relationships only brought down the superior race.


Strength and discipline are very important within this ideology. Nazi’s blamed Jews for Germany’s humiliation regarding the Treaty of Versailles. They believed that the race should be eradicated. Hitler came to power touting this idea of creating the perfect race. He started to enact this idea in the 10s by killing as many Jews as possible (although he did kill more than just Jews)in concentration camps and any other way he found fit.


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Nazism was not only practiced in Germany. It was also practiced or affiliated with in many other countries like Austria, Czechoslovakia, and France.


And this is the polical ideology of the Nazi party which ruled in Germany during World War II. What they did was awful, and should never be forgotten. But we must always remember that just because Nazis were German, it does not mean the all Germans were Nazis!


Mind that the sample papers like The politcal ideology of Nazism presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Thursday 26 April 2012

Elizabeth Browning

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Decades before her name became associated with some of the greatest poetry of the Victorian age, Elizabeth Browing was born as Elizabeth Barrett in 106. She was born in Coxhoe Hall in Durham, England into a family that would be considered multimillionaires according to modern standards (www.browninglibrary.org, p.1). Raised in Hereford, England, Elizabeth experienced a pleasant childhood as the eldest of twelve siblings. She was greatly educated at home by a tutor, by whom she learned to speak Latin, Greek, and read several other languages. Although her younger brothers were able to continue their education elsewhere, Elizabeth’s gender restricted her from studying outside her home.


Elizabeth’s interest in poetry stemmed from her childhood wherein she aspired to one day become a successful poet. She began composing poems at an early age, with her initial literary efforts traced as far back as age four. Elizabeth’s passion for poetry had the full support of her father, who arranged to have Elizabeth’s first poem printed in 181 when she was just thirteen years old (Radley, p.11). The following year she composed her first collection of poetry, entitled The Battle of Marathon. However rich and prosperous Elizabeth’s early life may have seemed, she was soon faced with hardships and sickness that would persist throughout her entire life.


In her mid-teen years, Elizabeth was afflicted with a virus infection, measles, and recurring episodes of pain and fever. Her physical illness was possibly a result of the separation and frustration felt by the absence of her scholarly brothers, and it subsided within a year (www.browninglibrary.org, p.1). In 181, Elizabeth was prescribed opium after being diagnosed with a “nervous disorder”, sparking an addiction to the drug that continued throughout her life. Furthermore, a riding accident in the early 180s resulted in a spine injury for Elizabeth, which left her an invalid and dependent on morphine for pain relief. After her mother’s untimely death in 18, Elizabeth’s sickness returned. Aggravated by London’s air pollution, Elizabeth’s ailments forced her to retreat to a sick room. Although she was able to continue her writing in London by contributing to several newspapers, her health suffered when she became very ill as a result of a broken blood vessel. This ailment caused her family to be moved to Targuay, where the tragedy continued when her favorite brother drowned. After this morbid event, Elizabeth developed an extreme fear of meeting anyone new, which caused her to devote much of her time to literature.


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Almost as well-known as her literature is Elizabeth’s relationship with the poet Robert Browning. When she was thirty-nine years old, Elizabeth began written correspondence with Robert, six years her junior, which developed into courtship. Five months after she received his first letter, Elizabeth allowed Robert to visit her in her sick room and the two quickly fell in love. Elizabeth’s extremely possessive father forbade any of his twelve children to marry, so the relationship was kept a secret until the pair wed on September 1, 1846 in London. Disowned by her father, Elizabeth bravely moved to Florence, Italy with Robert where the fresh air and care of her husband yielded a drastic improvement in her health. Here she developed an interest in Italian politics, which was reflected in some of her poetry of this time period such as “Poems Before Congress”, the last work to be published during her lifetime. Elizabeth lived a very relaxed and prosperous life with Robert composing poetry and traveling throughout Europe. When she was 4 years old, she gave birth to a son, Robert Wiedeman (nicknamed Pen) who would be her only child. Elizabeth continued writing and traveling up until 1861 when her health declined until her death in on July in Florence.


The Best Thing in the World


What’s the best thing in the world?


June-rose, by May-dew impearled;


Sweet south-wind, that means no rain;


Truth, not cruel to a friend;


Pleasure, not in haste to end;


Beauty, not self-decked and curled


Till its pride is over-plain;


Love, when, so, you’re loved again


What’s the best thing in the world?


--Something out of it, I think.





Although this poem is relatively short in length, Elizabeth Browning is able to leave the reader with a clear knowledge of what she intended the main idea to be. This poem expresses the notion of appreciating the simple things in life. The first line poses the question “What’s the best thing in the world?”. In the following lines, Elizabeth names some common causes of happiness that many people can relate to, such as temperate Spring weather, honesty between friends, long-lasting pleasure, unspoiled beauty, and mutual love. She concludes her speculation with the opinion that the best thing in the world is “something out of it”. By this statement, Elizabeth affirms that after reviewing all the things that a person would normally name as the “best thing in the world”, it becomes apparent that the world is full of these simple pleasures, thus making anything in the world the “best thing”. As a whole, this poem reflects Elizabeth’s desire to show the reader that the best experiences and emotions in the world are available everywhere at every moment. It leaves the reader with a new perspective on the seemingly simple, unimportant aspects of one’s daily life.


“The Best Thing in the World” has a structure, but Elizabeth incorporates her own style into it to show that she is not bound by the structure she chooses. One element of the structure is that each line has seven syllables. Furthermore, Elizabeth includes rhyme in her poem, but not in any apparent pattern. The rhyme scheme for this poem is “a a b c c a e e a g”. Using poetic license, Elizabeth creates phrases such as “self-decked” and “May-dew” and words like “impearled” to fit the rhyme, metre, and subject of the poem.


The three main literary terms used in this piece are theme, tone, and repetition. As discussed earlier, the theme of this poem is to appreciate life’s simple pleasures. Instead of declaring the theme for the reader, Elizabeth includes her main idea in the form of an implied theme, suggested in the final line of the poem. She uses this ultimate statement to clearly communicate her theme to her audience. Elizabeth Browning’s tone, or attitude, in this poem is optimistic, perceptive, and almost naive. Instead of focusing on the negative aspects in life, she looks around at the world and describes the love, beauty, and peacefulness that surround her. Whether she is viewing the world through rose-colored glasses because of love or she possesses the unconditional hopefulness of a child, the author’s tone comes off as innocent because of her slanted view of the world. However, with her understanding of the importance of living life for its simple pleasures, she is able to reflect back on her original question and come up with an answer that fits her tone. Finally, Elizabeth utilizes the literary device of repetition in order to depict a question and answer sequence throughout the poem. For example, the poem begins with the question, “What’s the best thing in the world?” which is repeated directly before the answer in the closing line of the piece. She uses this device to tie the poem together and to allow the reader to recognize the resolution to the original question. Overall, Elizabeth Browning’s theme, tone, and use of repetition make this poem more structured, interesting, and clearly understood.


Throughout Elizabeth’s poetry there is a recurring theme of love and romance, which is directed towards her husband Robert. The tone of these love poems is amorous, blissful, and full of admiration. To this day, Elizabeth is known for her love poems because of the emotion, sincerity, and beautiful language that are present throughout. In general, Elizabeth uses imagery in many of her poems in order to create a scene, which allows the reader to feel the mood of the poem. What distinguishes Elizabeth’s poetry from that of other literary artists of her time period is the wisdom, honesty, and simplicity that make her poems timeless. Especially in poems such as “The Lady’s ‘Yes’” and “My Heart and I”, Elizabeth tells a story that concludes with a moral, leaving the reader with


Elements of the many chapters of Elizabeth’s dramatic and romantic life are evident throughout many of her poems. To begin with, in Elizabeth’s life she pushed the boundaries of what behavior was commonly accepted for woman of the Victorian time period. Not only was she a successful poet on her own regard, she married a younger man, alienated herself from her father, gave birth after age forty, and freely expressed her political views in her writing. Her free spirit and feminist attitude are apparent in the poem Aurora Leigh, in which Browning writes


“We’ll keep our aims sublime, our eyes erect


Although our woman-hands should shake and fail;


And if we fail.. But must we? �


…..


Deal with us nobly, women though we be.


And honour us with truth if not with praise.”


Furthermore, after Elizabeth moved to Florence with Robert, she became fascinated with politics, especially in the unity of Italy and the abolition of slavery. She made these views known to the public and stated her points in such compositions as “Casa Guidi Windows”, written about unifying Italy, an anti-slavery book called “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point”, and the collection “Poems Before Congress”.


In the poem analyzed previously, “The Best Thing in the World”, it was said that Elizabeth was able to view the world as perfect, almost as if she were looking through the eyes of a child. This tone is a reflection of Elizabeth’s personal life because she lived a wealthy, comfortable existence in which she was constantly loved and cared for. Because she was never wanting for anything, she had the ability to take the time to enjoy the simple pleasure of life. If Elizabeth had struggled throughout her life, financially or otherwide, the poem would most likely either never been written or been composed with a more negative tone.


Most importantly, the majority of Elizabeth’s work is clearly inspired by her fairy-tale romance with her husband Robert Browning. She is best known for her dozens of love sonnets composed with Robert in mind, especially Sonnet 4 from the collection “Sonnets from the Portuguese”. This particular sonnet contains the celebrated line “How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.” and describes the incomparable and unconditional love Elizabeth wishes to express. Furthermore, the very name of the collection “Sonnets from the Portuguese” was inspired by the nickname “my little Portuguese” Robert gave to Elizabeth because of her dark complexion (www.cswnet.com, p.1). In addition to her verse created with the intent of publication, the romantic and poetic letters of correspondence between Elizabeth and Robert have also been published since her death. Overall, it is difficult, if not impossible, to find a poem composed by Elizabeth Browning that does not reflect some aspect of her life.





Mind that the sample papers like Elizabeth Browning presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Betty Loren-Maltese and Political Corruption

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Betty Loren-Maltese and Political Corruption even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Betty Loren-Maltese and Political Corruption in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



Betty Loren-Maltese and Political Corruption


Many people, especially those who rarely partake in politics, are unaware of the problems concerning corruption in many government positions. In analyzing articles gathered from the Chicago Tribune, there are a wide variety of issues covered relating to political corruption including local city government, issues across the country, and also throughout the world as well. The emphasis will be on Betty Loren-Maltese, the Cicero town president who has recently been convicted on several accounts of corruption charges.


This topic is significant for many reasons. Corrupt city government officials sometimes embezzle large sums of money and use it for their own purposes. The money they are “stealing” is often the taxpayers’ money. When this is the case, it is absolutely necessary that the taxpayers be made aware of the situation. A corrupt Judge might conceal the fact that he is in relation to somebody involved in a case he is trying, causing an unjust decision. If this situation was to the advantage of the defendant, there could be a defendant wrongfully acquitted, free and endangering the public. People need to know if their money and trust are going to the wrong place. Every citizen should take a more active role in informing themselves on who they elect into offices as well as who is already in office governing the people.


One topic concerning political corruption covered in the Chicago Tribune is the Cook County Judge who received a six-month suspension after admitting to “a series of ethical lapses”. (Aug. 1st, Metro1). Associate Judge Lambros J.Kutrubis received a six month unpaid vacation after he admitted to falsifying information on his own tax returns and also failing to declare himself in relation to many cases that involved people he knew personally, including family. In 18 he accepted and tried a case involving his stepdaughter. This article neither slanders nor suggests particular judgement be placed in one direction or another on Judge Kutrubis. The article merely states the facts and allows the public to create their own opinions.


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Another corruption scandal covered in the Chicago Tribune is the Providence, Rhode Island mayor. Mayor Vincent “Buddy” Cianci Jr. was accused of accepting bribes in exchange for tax breaks, favors and jobs with the city. While the mass of corruption was taking place, Providence was also receiving new parks, a thriving new art scene and a new mall. Although the Providence mayor was obviously doing wonderful things for the city, he was at the same time taking advantage of his position for personal gain, and consequently he was convicted on federal charges. “Mayor Vincent Cianci Jr., was sentenced to more than five years Friday by a Judge who portrayed him as a Jekyll and Hyde figure who revitalized Providence even as he turned City Hall into a hotbed of bribery.” (Sept. 7, News 10). The article states that Cianci plans to appeal the conviction. “State law required Cianci to leave office after being sentenced, and City Council President John Lombardi was sworn in to serve out th remainder of his term, which expires in January. Voters in Tuesday’s primary will choose the top candidates to succeed Cianci.” (Sept. 7, news 10).


Also sentenced was mayoral aide Frank Corrente to over five years and tow-truck operator Richard Autiello to just under four years on three corruption charges. These two men will join Cianci Jr. in federal prison as well as losing their jobs.


This is important information for the public to know. First, it is important that people be made aware of scandals that are going on in their own backyards, which may or may not affect them. It shows that the government can and will punish those found guilty of corruption, regardless of personality and public opinion. It also teaches the public about federal laws, such as the law that states that when convicted of a federal offense, one is required to leave a government office. The article is informational as well as educational.


Closer to home is the case of Ambrosio Medrano. He took over $0,000 in bribes and placed two friends on the city payroll that did not work for the city, collecting $48,000. He now wishes to take a seat in government office once again, claiming that he has paid his dues. If he succeeds, he will be the first to recapture his seat in government office after serving his time in federal prison on corruption charges. Though only serving 1 months, he plead guilty to extortion and received 0 months in the Oxford, Wisconsin federal prison, home to many white-collar criminals as well as Chicago politicians. He claims that “people who have paid their debt to society shouldn’t have doors closed on them”. (Nov. , News 1). However, the federal law disagrees. “The 1 amendment to the state election statute barring convicted felons from local office was passed after onetime City Clerk Walter Kozubowski refused to resign until his sentencing, months after his conviction on corruption charges.” (Nov. , News 1). The article also states that if a potential candidate wishes to contest the constitutionality of this law and run for office regardless, he may do so only with a pardon by the governor.


This article is extremely informational. The public is made aware of a number of cases involving local officials associated with corruption and what they are doing before, during and after their prison time. It also informs the public on important federal laws as well as why and where these laws were derived from.


In news around the world, the son of Nigeria’s late dictator General Sani Abacha, was released from prison after serving three years on embezzlement charges. He reportedly embezzled billions in state funds for personal advantage. He had been released once earlier that week, then re-arrested, and now President Olusegun Obasanjo has ordered his release for the second time. Thousands of Abacha’s supporters had protested the re-arrest.


In Mexico City, two generals have been convicted of aiding drug smugglers. General Francisco Quiros received 16 years in prison and Brig. General Arturo Acosta received 15 years. They were found guilty of protecting drug lord Amado Carrillo and using military airplanes to transport drug shipments. Like in the United States, these two are no longer in rank or possess military decoration.


These articles are short but informative. There is enough to know what is happening in other parts of the world. The content of the article shows the American public that the corruption that occurs in our government occurs everyday in the rest of the world as well, in addition to the fact that corruption is dealt with similarly all over the world.` Although many people do not realize the amount of corruption, often those that do choose to ignore it, possibly under the assumption that it does not affect them personally. These articles will hopefully wake people up to the realization that corruption does happen, it does affect everyone, and people do need to start acknowledging it when it happens. It is a growing issue that people need to take more seriously.





The main topic of news coverage in articles that I have gathered is the scandal pertaining to Betty Loren-Maltese. News coverage on her case was extensive, with articles being published almost everyday. The public was well informed on the situation and kept up to date with the daily articles. At the time that I began following Loren-Maltese’s case, she had already been tried and convicted in August of allowing her town’s mob-controlled insurance administrators rob Cicero of $1 million dollars in the late 10’s. Loren-Maltese and six others involved in the scheme, including Cicero mob boss Micheal Spano Sr., were required to turn over $4 million in fraudulent profits as well as a wealthy golf course and also a vacation home, both located in Wisconsin. “Speaking out for the first time now that the jury had completed its work, heads of both the FBI and IRS in Chicago made reference to Cicero’s corruption and infamous ties to legendary mob boss Al Capone in lauding their joint investigative efforts that led to Loren-Maltese’s fall from power.” (Aug. 7, News1). The vacation home, bought by Spano is reportedly worth almost $680,000. The golf course could be worth up to $ million. Prosecutors would freeze property and bank accounts belonging to the defendants in order to collect the liability of each. The defendants may also be court-ordered to pay restitution as well as giving up personal property and financial accounts.


Apparently, Betty Loren-Maltese was first the town’s liquor commissioner for seven years before being given a seat on the Town Board through a “lightening fast backroom deal” in 1, and then promoted to town president all too quickly. Her late husband, Frank Maltese, had a contributing role in her becoming town president, just before he died of Cancer in 1. (Aug 7, News1). The year of his death, Frank had been convicted of federal conspiracy charges. When he died, Frank was replaced by John Kociolko as Town Assessor, who was at one point considered a leading contender for Betty’s role as town president.


In an issue released on September 11th, the public is informed that Ramiro Gonzalez was chosen to replace Loren-Maltese in a Town Board meeting held earlier that week. Gonzalez was a Cicero town trustee and former town special events director. He was appointed to the Town Board by Loren-Maltese in 000 when he joined her Republican organization. He was to be the first Hispanic ever to lead Cicero, which is currently 75% Hispanic. In a later September issue, Ramiro Gonzalez stated that he hope Betty Loren-Maltese would help him and give him advice on how to keep the town running smoothly. “In an interview during his first full day in office, Gonzalez echoed the remarks he made after his swearing-in, saying he wants to continue what he views as the successful programs put in place under Loren-Maltese.” (Sept. 1, Metro1).


On October 4th, a lengthy article reports that Loren-Maltese’s Wisconsin golf course sold in an auction, held in the course’s clubhouse ballroom, for $1.6 million to a trio of Wisconsin investors. There were 18 parties attempting to outbid each other at the auction.


On November 1st, it is reported that Betty’s tax-evasion case had ended in a mistrial because of a jury deadlock. There is only a few lines in this article, it is precise and to the point, not offering much information, only that the jury had a difficult time agreeing to an acquittal or conviction.


After this first conviction, Loren-Maltese was charged with a single tax count. She is accused of filing a false tax return in 14. Already facing up to 17 years in prison, Loren-Maltese is now faced with serving more time in a federal prison, leaving her 5 year old daughter behind.


On November 14th, the Chicago Tribune reported that 0 potential jurors were questioned individually and behind closed doors about whether or not they knew of Betty Loren-Maltese and also whether or not they could still be fair if they did know. Loren-Maltese’s lawyer had previously requested a change of venue, claiming that too many people knew Betty Loren-Maltese and the possibility of her receiving a fair trial in the same location consequently would be slim to none. He said that even if a juror claimed he or she would be able to put aside the first conviction of Loren-Maltese, it is not humanly possible to completely put out of a person’s head a piece of information such as that. He says that would always be on the back of someone’s mind and this would be unfair to Loren-Maltese.


The coverage on all of these issues is very high-quality. There were rarely any strong opinions of the writers impressed into the articles. I felt that I was being delivered that facts and that I could draw my own opinions and conclusions. The information was enlightening and helpful to the public mind. Also, I feel knowledgeable about the topics discussed, where as prior to reading these articles I knew nothing. Now, I feel confident I could hold a detailed discussion and identify the meaning. This is the goal and purpose in news reporting. The Chicago Tribune has done a significantly well job on informing the public in a non-biased manor.


Of the many things I have learned, the most noteworthy is to appreciate politics. Before completing this assignment I had a pre-judged notion that politics were useless and not worthy of my time. Politicians were not only boring, I also thought that they were selfish and only into politics to help themselves. In my opinion, one of the most important qualities in a person is their desire to help people. I never saw this in politics until this assignment. Although in my research I found that there are many corrupt politicians, I also saw the rest of the politicians. The other politicians are the people that are in politics for the right reason, that is to make our lives and our country better. Some of the ways they do this are by adding new laws to protect the people, petitioning to build better schools, building new parks, keeping order and peace, and by raising money to help people and organizations that need it, to name a few. It is obvious that politics are important. Politics are also good if the politicians don’t abuse their power. I’ve also learned that I need to pay closer attention to politics because it does affect me in several ways. Corruption in politics is a very important issue that more people need to be made aware of and also need to take more seriously.





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Wednesday 25 April 2012

An Investigation of Diving Ducks’ Predation on Dreissena polymorph to Determine the Size Preference of Zebra Mussels Consumed by Waterfowl

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ABSTRACT


The predation of diving ducks on Dreissena polymorpha was investigated to determine which size of zebra mussels are most commonly preyed upon by waterfowl. The gizzard contents of various species of ducks from Point Pelee Ontario were examined for mussel shell fragments to determine the mussel size consumed. The data was compiled to calculate an average mussel size and the amount of predation on each size by ducks. Waterfowl fed preferentially on zebra mussels of moderate size with a mussel size of 16mm being optimal. The delicate balance between energy expenditure and consumed food energy along with the threat of kleptoparasitism guide waterfowl to feed upon mussels around 16mm. It is also possible that confounding variables such as fish predation have affected size selection by altering the mussel population densities in the hunting habitats.


INTRODUCTION


Zebra mussels, or Dreissena polymorpha, invaded the Great Lakes in 185 from European waters. Their rapid spread throughout the lakes is believed to be a consequence of recreational boating and commercial shipping (Johnson and Padilla, 16). Zebra mussels abilities to attach and proliferate on several types of substrata have increased their numbers tremendously with densities reaching as high as 700 000 mussels per square meter in the most populated areas near power plants (Custer and Custer, 17). This has resulted in both unstoppable abiotic and biotic changes (Macisaac, 16). One of the possible opposing forces for the invasion of Dreissena polymorpha has been the predation by molluscivorous waterfowl.


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Zebra mussels will attach themselves readily to many submerged substrates including rock, macrophytes, native molluscs, canal and dock walls, water craft and motor outboards (Macisaac, 16). Dreissena fouling of water intake pipes is also a noted concern and ongoing problem at various industrial plants along Lake Erie. Macisaac (16) attributed the dense population of mussels around intake pipes to the number of colonists in the intake current, constant replenishment of food, and the perpetual removal of mussel wastes. A characteristic of zebra mussels is they act as a filter mechanism removing clay, silt, bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and contaminants from the water, propagating clarity (Macisaac, 16).





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Ethical Decision Making

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Ethical Decision Making even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Ethical Decision Making in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.



The impact of ethics on decision-making is paramount. Ethics is the very fiber that we use to compass our decision-making. It is the very context, the heart and the soul from which all decisions have their basis derived from. In order to form an ethically defensible decision, one must takes great pains to make sure all the angles have been covered. Among the questions that should be asked are Are all of the stakeholders are being considered in the process? Are all of the moral issues are being addressed? Are any or all-possible conflicts between stakeholders are being addressed? The question of is there any conflicts between moral absolutes, like between telling the truth and not wanting to cause harm to other individuals, groups or organizations. A lot of ethical dilemmas come forth when one seeks to apply ethics to any given decision. For instance when a company is forced to make reductions in workforce. The morality of saving the company as a whole verses the stakeholders who will lose their jobs is a continuing issue in today’s economy. Companies must consider what the ground rules are and then apply those ground rules fairly across the organization. When companies come to this juncture they must first ask What are the ground rules, what could they be and what should they be? Management then must evaluate what are the moral implications of the decision? Companies then have to ask themselves if this decision will change the ground rules that are already in place? These same kind of ethical questions can be found and applied to any situation, for instance parents with their children, couples with each other, teachers and students, religious leaders and their flock. Ethics is paramount when it comes to government leaders in our three branches that are making laws, interpreting laws and enforcing those laws. One of the first things an individual or group must do, is decide on what are the ground rules?


Ground Rules


According to Pearson Custom Publishing’s website on ethical decision-making, there is a process that an individual or group must go through in attempts ascertain what the ground rules are, what could they be, and what should they be. In order to come to a consensus or decision of what the ground rules are, what could they be, and what should they be, an individual or group has to lay down a framework from which an ethical decision can be made on what the ground rules are, what could they be, and what should they be. In the process of making that framework to discover what the ground rules are, what they could be or what they should be, various aspects of decision making need to be addressed. The site defines ethical decision-making as “Ethics or morality poses questions about how we ought to act and how we should live. It asks, According to what standards are these actions right or wrong? It asks, What character traits (like honesty, compassion, fairness) are necessary to live a truly human life? It also asks, What concerns or groups do we usually minimize or ignore? And why might that be? Admitting our blindness is the beginning of vision.” Ethics and morality need to be the cornerstone or the foundation from which the framework is built upon to answer the questions of what the ground rules are, what could they be, and what should they be. The first part to answering the questions of what the ground rules are, what could they be, and what should they be, are addressed first in recognizing what are the morale issues here? Pearson sites “Is there something wrong personally, interpersonally, or socially? Is there conflict that could be damaging to people? To animals or the environment? To institutions? To society? Does the issue go deeper than legal or institutional concerns? What does it do to people as persons who have dignity, rights, and hopes for a better life together?” These are the moral questions that should be asked at the onset of the decision-making process of laying out the ground rules of all of the considerations that need to be addressed in the process. The next step in lying out the ground rules in the decision making process is to get all of the facts. The collection of facts, and how and why they are collected, is paramount in the foundation of figuring out what the ground rules are, could be or should be. Pearson states “What are the relevant facts of the case? What individuals and groups have an important stake in the outcome? What is at stake for each? Do some have a greater stake because they have a special need (e.g., those who are poor or excluded) or because we have special obligations to them? Are there other important stakeholders in addition to those directly involved? What are the options for acting? Have all the relevant persons and groups been consulted? If you showed your list of options to someone you respect, what would that person say? “ It is critical that the issues of what are the relevant facts, and who are the relevant stakeholders that will be effected by not only the ground rules but by the subsequent decision to follow. All of the options need to be carefully ascertained, addressed and thoroughly discussed in this ground rules analysis process. Part of that analysis process is determining which, if any stakeholders have a special interest or need that needs to be addressed in this ground rules analysis process. When laying out the ground rules as well as in the rest of the decision making process, the various alternative actions must be evaluated to determine the moral and ethical implications they will impose on the affected stakeholders. Pearson states “Which options will do the most good with the least harm?” Along with this statement Pearson believes that ethical perspectives are principal in the decision-making process. So when laying out the ground rules the “Rights Perspective” needs to addressed in the process.


Pearson defines the rights perspective as


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· Identifies certain fundamental civil, political and economic rights that merit protection or respect because they pertain to the dignity of the human person.


· Each person has a fundamental right to be respected and treated as a free and equal rational person capable of making his or her own decisions.


· Examples of rights that are traditionally recognized in this approach include the right to privacy, autonomy, the right to subsistence, freedom of conscience, the right to physical integrity, etc.


· The principle states Act in ways that respect the dignity of other persons by honoring or protecting their legitimate moral rights.


It is very important that these fundamental rights be respected when laying out the ground rules. By considering all of the ethical and moral implications an individual or group can then ascertain what the ground rules could be should be. This process is repeated throughout the entire decision making process.


Determination of Ethical Implications


By applying these rights it makes the job easier in determining the ethical implications of the decision. There are different approaches that can be used as a framework in this determination of implications process. They are according to Pearson The Utilitarian Approach, The Rights Approach, The Fairness or Justice Approach, The Common Good Approach, The Virtue Approach. Depending on which approach is selected, that criteria is applied to both the grounds rules and the resulting decision. Pearson tell us that “ Utilitarianism was conceived in the 1th century by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill to help legislators determine which laws were morally best. Both Bentham and Mill suggested that ethical actions are those that provide the greatest balance of good over evil. “ The Rights approach is also an important perspective and comes to us from Kant in the 18th century. It believes in the rights of the individual. The Fairness or Justice approach has it roots even further back dating to Aristotle! This approach as described in his teachings according to Pearson equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally. The basic moral question in this approach is How fair is an action? Does it treat everyone in the same way, or does it show favoritism and discrimination? The Common Good approach reflects on what is good for the community as a whole and dates back to ancient Greece. The final approach is the Virtue Approach and it is described by Pearson as “that there are certain ideals toward which we should strive, which provide for the full development of our humanity.” Virtues are attitudes or character traits which reflect who we are and what we stand for.


How might the Decision change the ground rules?


The decision can often change the ground rules especially in a corporate or legal culture. In this modern era of corporate mergers we see decisions being made at the top of the management chain that effect all of the ground rules from which the organization is run. In the political forum, laws can be written or interpreted in ways that change the landscape of the whole country as in women’s suffrage or “Roe vs. Wade” We might not agree on the outcomes but we can agree how decisions made, can forever change the ground rules from which we live.


In summary the impact of ethics on decision-making is Paramount. It is the chief dominant principle that is supreme in the initiation of guidelines for both the ground rules and the resulting decision(s) that is derived from the application of ethical approaches.








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Mind that the sample papers like Ethical Decision Making presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Tuesday 24 April 2012

Becoming Accepted

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Becoming accepted is one of the most important issues on the daily life as a teen.Every thing they do, say, or speak must be accepted by fellow pears.


I am interested in a career as a Petroleum engineer and TexasA&MUniversity is the


best institution for training in this field.I am a member of the miskito people of eastern


Nicaragua,now an American citizen.Because my family was attacked by the communist


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sandanistas,we lost everything ,were forced to move to the United States.I am unable to


acquire the engineering education which I desire without a scholarship.


My name is Michael M. Moody I am in grade 10. I live in Miami now , my GPA


avrege is .0 . I like petroleum engineering because its an excellent opportunity for life’s


work. Opportunity to work with companies that support our civilization in an essential


way. Interesting future technology development will be possible. I want to work on such


projectsto develop new resources, such as Methane Hydrate. It is important for


development of economies in Latin America and in maintaining progress in the


UnitedStates of America.


I would be a good Petrolium Engineer because I am highly motivated and have the


ability to be a good student, talent in mathematics and science,and physical


strength.Being a member of the miskito people enables me to have an ability to


understand, relate to and work successfully among various groups of indigenous people


in regions inportant to the petroleum industry now and in the future.


You will recall meeting last year with Dr. John Freeman ,a friend of our family,


at your office .He believes it important for the industry to have well trained


engineers of Miskito background in preparation for future activity in Latin America


where an insider’s understanding of the local populations will facilitate operations.


I would appreciate receiving information concerning opportunities for me at


Texas A&M.It would be helpful for me to have information concerning scholarshio


and student aid programs which could be available to me.I also would like to know


if there are officials of petroleum companies who might be interested in my


contacting them about my career as a petroleum engineer.It also would be my


pleasure to visit with you and your staff at the University at a convenient time so


that we may discuss our common interest,and how I may realize my goal of


becoming a Texas A&M petrroleum engineer.


Mind that the sample papers like Becoming Accepted presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

sex

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NEW DELHI�Indias cola wars have turned poisonous.


A pesticide scare has taken the fizz out of the soft drink boom, dousing Indias fast-growing market like a summer monsoon.


The furor has spilled out of the science labs and on to the streets.


Hindu nationalists smashed pop bottles and burned cola ads on the streets of Mumbai, Communist officials in Calcutta have condemned the foreign bottlers and Maoist rebels in the far east warned the capitalist cola companies theyd better wind up operations.


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Keen to appear on the cutting edge, federal politicians in the capital have replaced cola with buttermilk in the parliamentary restaurant.


With sales plunging 40 per cent last month, Coke and Pepsi have seen the enemy � and its not the competition.


The traditional rivals have joined forces to declare war on their newest nemesis, a local environmental group that dared accuse them of selling pesticide-laced soda pop.


The Centre for Science and Environment, a non-governmental organization, finds itself on the defensive after blowing the whistle on the companies for selling a deadly cocktail of pesticide residues.


The CSE released test results last month showing cola samples contained the insecticides Lindane, Malathion, DDT and other carcinogens in concentrations far above the standards set by the European Union.


But Coke insists these results arent the real thing.


Backed by the U.S. embassy, the multinational giant has threatened legal action, lobbied politicians, wooed the media and ratcheted up its marketing campaign to savage the pesky CSE and salvage Coca-Colas reputation.


For its part, Pepsi launched a massive advertising campaign claiming it had been given a clean chit by regulators.


Refresh your faith. Now, refresh your thirst, proclaimed the Pepsi ads.


The safest thing you are likely to drink today is a Pepsi.


But Pepsi was forced to publish a retraction after being accused of unethical and misleading advertising by the government, which found that nine of the 1 samples it tested exceeded European norms.


The environmental whistleblower also has fought back, protesting that Pepsi and Coca-Cola are trying every trick in the corporate book to discredit concerns raised by the CSE.


Its war out there.


Never mind the menace from terrorist bombs or the spectre of nuclear war with Pakistan over Kashmir. Indians are preoccupied by a more insidious threat lurking within a 00-millilitre bottle of sugared, fizzy water that sells for 5 rupees (15 cents) at neighbourhood food stalls.


Consumers, who spend $ billion buying more than 6.5 billion bottles a year, are keen to avoid any fallout from poisoned pop and are returning to trusted, traditional Indian thirst-quenchers that fell out of fashion in the decade since Coke and Pepsi took the country by storm and gobbled up local bottlers.


I used to drink Coke every day, but Ive stopped until its safety is fully proven, says Siddharth Sehgal, a 7-year-old software engineer, sipping bottled water at a trendy restaurant in the capitals colonial district.


I used to drink a litre a day, but I stopped several weeks ago.


India is once again the land of the lassi, a yogurt drink mixed with sugar or salt. Fresh lime sodas are back on the menu. Steaming masala tea, flavoured with cardamom and cinnamon, is regaining popularity over ice-cold colas.


Customers have reduced consumption of Coke by about 40 per cent due to that rumour, says Joseph Thomas, food and beverage manager at the popular Fridays restaurant, who has sworn off the stuff himself.


Whenever I point it out on the menu, they never go for aerated (carbonated) drinks. They just go for fresh lime or mineral water instead of Coke. People are confused.


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`If the reports are positive for pesticides, we will break every bottle the companies make


Aslam Sheikh, Samajwadi youth wing


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Sadly, these alternative drinks offer little protection against pesticides.


Scientists say the problem isnt with pop per se, but the Indian groundwater that goes into it. After all, samples of Coke and Pepsi bottled in the United States were found to be pesticide-free.


Whatever the purification problems at local bottling plants, the bottom line is that pesticides are poisoning Indias drinking water. Overuse of insecticides and under-regulation of drinking water � it escapes scrutiny because its not classified as a food � has created a glaring loophole.


In fact, 60 per cent of Indias population lacks access to safe drinking water and tens of thousands of people are thought to die from water-borne diseases.


Those who


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Monday 23 April 2012

scarlet letter

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Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter is story about Hestor Prynne, a woman who commits a sin and is filled with many feelings, including pride, surrounding that sin. Many of those around Hestors sin reflect similar emotions and feelings. Hawthorne employs many symbols throughout The ScarletThe Scarlet Letter - Symbolism


Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism several times in the book, The Scarlet Letter. Some examples of this are when they talk of the scaffold, the brook, the forest, and the sunshine. The one that I will discuss is the sunshine. Hawthorne uses sunshine in the novel to symbolize purity and hope several times throughout the book. In one scene of the book, Pearl requests that Hester grab some sunshine and give it to her to play with. Hester then replies, No, my little Pearl! Thou must gather thine own sunshine. I have none to give thee. (p.104) Hester has no sunshine to give Pearl because she has committed adultery and is not pure. Another example is when Hester and Pearl are taking a walk through the forest when a dark cloud came over the sky and Pearl said, Mother, said little Pearl, the sunshine does not love you. It runs away and hides itself, because it is afraid of something on your bosom. Pearl says this just innocently playing around, not having a clue of exactly how right she is. She says that the sun fears the A and avoids the impurity of it at all costs, even disappearing from the sky. Later in that walk, Hawthorne again shows how the sun refuses to be around Hester and her sin. Hester tells Pearl to run off and catch the sun and so she sets off at a great pace and, in her innocence, she seemingly catches it and stands right in the midst of it. Hester comes over and attempts to come over bask in the sunshine and Pearl says, while shaking her head, It will go now. Hester replies, See! Now I can stretch out my hand and grasp some of it, but As she attempted to do so, the sunshine vanished. This shows how the sun, being pure, adorned the Pearl in her innocence, while it shunned Hester for her impurity. Hawthorne shows the symbol of sunshine best in the chapter appropriately titled, A Flood of Sunshine. In this particular scene, Dimmesdale and Hester are discussing what Dimmesdale will do about the current situation with their relationship. Dimmesdale announces that he will leave the community, and he must do it alone. In the heat of the moment Hester declares that he will not have to go alone, and she takes off her bonnet and throws down the scarlet letter. Hawthorne describes it wonderfully And, as the gloom of the earth and the sky had been but the effluence of these two mortal hearts, it vanished with their sorrow. All at once, as with a sudden smile of heaven, forth bust the sunshine, pouring a very flood into the obscure forest, gladdening each green leaf. This sums it all up, as far as the symbolism of the sunshine goes, and it relationship with the A. As soon as the A is thrown to the ground, the sin follows with it and a huge burst of sunshine pours through the forest, making everything bright and beautiful. Hester’s sin was washed away with the letter and she was pure again and full of hope, so the sunshine was no longer afraid of her, it embraced her. In conclusion, the frequent use of the sunshine, showing purity and impurity, is used well by Hawthorne. He does a great job of illustrating Hester’s situation and how she goes from an unwanted outcast, when she was shunned by the sun, to where she was a good, able citizen and received penance and lost the shameful A, and the sun would shine upon her again.


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Lenin Was Not A Marxist

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It is erroneous to entitle Vladimir Lenin a Marxist. In his What Is to Be Done?, and The State and Revolution, Lenin discusses many Marxist categories, including the development of proletarian consciousness, the determined path of History and the inevitability of communism, and the relationship between socialism and internationalism. Vladimir Lenin’s insurgent writings represent a significant departure from the speculative writings of Karl Marx. In my essay I will show that Lenin should not legitimately describe himself as a Marxist, and that Leninism as a political philosophy is distinct from Marxism. In my essay, by differentiating Marxist and Leninist, I hope to clear up the common intellectual confusion that arises when applying such terms to a theorist and revolutionary like Lenin.


Literature and conversation regularly applies the single term ‘Marxism’ to the thought and practice of the political thinker and visionary Vladimir Lenin. Referring to Lenin as a Marxist suggests that he shared a common ideology with Karl Marx, which he did not. Marx’s Manifesto of the Communist Party and his German Ideology Part I are as much philosophically natured as they are political. While the infamous phrase at the end of Manifesto… is “WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!” he writes that such an instance is destined to happen anyway. He claims that the dictatorship of the proletariat will come into being no matter what is done to prevent it. Karl Marx did not try to theorize morality. Instead, he theorized his views of the inevitable end to History. Marxism is an interpretation of History; it examines society’s evolution. This ideology is not about right or wrong, but about what will occur eventually. Some might argue that because he did not spell out the pragmatics of putting communism into practice, tyrants such as Lenin were able to dream up their own schemes. Marx simply intended his work to help predict what was going to happen; he did not write his works to be used as theory to be put into practice.


Marx stated his prediction that the proletariat (the workers) will eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle classes) and a communist society would result. The theories of Marx were written down in the early nineteenth century, during the height of the British Industrial Revolution. Britain at that time was highly industrialized, and ahead of the rest of the European states. Marx saw firsthand the mistreatment of factory workers by their employers. The proletariat class worked extremely hard to earn their wages, and they received scarcely anything in return. The bourgeoisie on the other hand did little or nothing, and received virtually all the benefits in the wage-labor system at that time. Marx believed that after the collective realization by the industrial workers that they were being severely mistreated by the upper class, they would work collectively to overthrow it.


What happened in the pre-Soviet Union (now Russia) was not what Marx predicted. Karl Marx stated that the worker’s movement would start in a fully developed capitalist society. Was what would become the Soviet Union of this nature? Indeed not! During the same time period as the Industrial Revolution in Europe, pre-Soviet Union was still engaging in a feudal system. Instead of vast factories, its system consisted of peasantry and agriculture. Because there was much less of a class system in pre-Soviet Union, Lenin likened the inequity and inequality between the land-owning nobility and the peasantry and farmers of his country to the upper and lower classes noticed by Marx.


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Karl Marx stated that communism would follow from socialism after having followed from capitalism. Capitalism had replaced feudalism in Europe with a new mode of production, which was more prolific and efficient. Communism would eventually replace capitalism. The whole point about the evolution of communism was that it would be more productive and produce greater wealth for all than would capitalism. A socialism or communism that perpetuated the impoverishment of its people would be worthless. Eventually, a communist government would slowly wither away, when there would truly be no need for property, government, religion, or any form of oppressive relationship and History would enter its ultimate conclusion true communism. But wait, pre-Soviet Union had not even reached a stage of capitalism! Instead of viewing Marx’s writings as a prediction of what would eventually happen, Vladimir Lenin sought to speed up History in order to achieve communism within his lifetime. Lenin decided to create a communist state- one that he claimed would steer closer and closer to true communism with time.


Vladimir Lenin’s ideologies were much more aligned with other writers than Karl Marx. A certain publishing by Chernyshevsky affected his approach to revolution dramatically. Chernyshevsky’s work follows a revolutionary who gives himself over entirely to his cause. This revolutionary has chosen to give up his previous lifestyle, and deny himself the pleasures of life. He sleeps on a bed of nails, eats his steak raw, and reads only what is necessary to further his cause. He gives up love, and works to harden himself, because a cold and collective demeanor will certainly be necessary in the event of his revolution. Chernyshevsky’s writing shows what a revolutionary must be like, in order to be successful. He suggests that a right thinking person must be one, and that in itself starts to limit individualist thinking. Clearly, Lenin follows this portrayal of a revolutionary much more than he does Marx. Marx speaks nothing of the sort. The revolutionary portrayed is the perfect model of a Bolshevik, and not a true follower of Marx.


As in Chernyshevsky’s writings, Lenin began to eliminate individualistic thought once he attained his sought-after power. Marx spoke out that exploitation of one another was wrong, not individualism. Just because you can allow individualism in a society doesn’t mean you have the freedom to exploit one another.


Lenin, unlike Marx, made people to believe lies, such that the class struggle among the peasantry was the same as that of the cities, and to think that if a worker wasn’t working fast enough that he or she was a saboteur. Vladimir Lenin disregards the predictions of Marx in his What Is to Be Done?. In this text, he wrote that History has shown that the working class by itself is able only to develop trade union consciousness. This paves the way for him to suggest that a small band of revolutionaries, for instance he and his comrades, were needed, and for him to seize dictatorial control. Contrastingly, Marx had written that the emancipation of the working class must be accomplished by the working class themselves! Marx never told the workers how to think, how to act, or how to feel. He instead stated merely what people would normally do naturally, and that is to loathe being exploited, and to resist it.


On the subject of the state, Marx wrote that as long as class war and exploitation existed in the world, a state is necessary. He believed that in order to free the majority in society (the proletariat), they would need power and control of their own lives. Marx, born into the bourgeois class, never tried to use his own theories to assume power. Lenin, on the other hand, broke Marx’s words, because most of the leading Bolsheviks under his command were not even workers!


Marx saw little value in the bourgeois democracy of his own time period. The bourgeois democracy of Britain failed to distribute power well, and there was rampant inequity and inequality. It would seem as though Marx envisioned a dictatorship of the proletariat, and Lenin envisioned a dictatorship of the Party.


There is a sizeable dissimilarity between what Marx promoted as communism and how Lenin rewrote it as Communism. Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx were very different people with very different ideas and goals for the future of History. Marx wrote a prediction of what he thought the logical conclusion to History would be. Lenin agreed with Marx that communism would be the ideal end of History, but instead of letting history run its course, he attempted to intervene. His ‘intervention’ could be read as an attempt to assume an authority position. Lenin’s devices for attaining the ultimate goal of true-communism would surely never have been recommended or found permissible by Marx. Lenin’s theories contradicted much of what Marx taught, and Lenin should never be thought of as a Marxist.


WORKING STUDENTS AND ACADEMIA OF ALL COUNTRIES, WHO AGREE THAT LENIN WAS BY NO MEANS A MARXIST, UNITE!











Tucker, Robert C. “Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right Introduction By Karl Marx”. The Marx-Engels Reader Second Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 178. 5-65.


---. “Manifesto of the Communist Party By Friedrich Engels & Karl Marx”. The Marx-Engels Reader Second Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 178. 46-500.


---. “On the Jewish Question By Karl Marx”. The Marx-Engels Reader Second Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 178. 6-5.


---. “The German Ideology Part I By Karl Marx”. The Marx-Engels Reader Second Edition. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 178. 146-00.


---. “The State and Revolution The Marxist Theory of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution By Vladimir Lenin”. The Lenin Anthology. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 175. 11-.


---. “What Is To Be Done? Burning Questions of our Movement By Vladimir Lenin”. The Lenin Anthology. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 175. 1-114.


Mind that the sample papers like Lenin Was Not A Marxist presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!