How does Shakespeare build tension in Macbeth?

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First some background into the Macbeth the play. Macbeth has been described as “A play for the king.” It gained this title because it is quite possible that Shakespeare wrote it for the entertainment of King James the first. It is known that James was highly into witchcraft because he wrote a book about it, there were even rumours that he practised it himself. This play has a strong atmosphere of witchcraft and witches all the way through.

There are other reasons Macbeth was called “A play for the King.” For instance the play was in fact based on the real life accounts of James’s ancestors Banquo and Fleance from who James inherited the throne of Scotland. Shakespeare got the idea from a book by Raphael Holinshed entitled “The history of Scotland.” However Shakespeare bent the facts quite a bit, due to the fact that in real life Banquo helped in the murder of King Duncan. There would obviously be consequences for insinuating that the only reason James was King is that his ancestors broke the sacred law of the divine right of the King. Consequently the only thing in Macbeth that is true to life is that King Duncan was murdered, the rest of the plot and characters have been altered in some way to ether entertain or flatter King James.

The last main reason for Macbeth getting the name “A play for the King.” Was that James the first was in fact the first person on record to have seen it. In August 1606 King James and his brother-in-law, King Christian of Denmark had Macbeth acted for them privately at Hampton Court.

Now we look at how the plot is built and how Shakespeare uses language to tease and excite his audience. Macbeth is a story of a man driven to do evil things and even commit the ultimate crime in his time, regicide. I personally don’t think he is evil, he is highly ambitious and possibly slightly insane (this shows more towards the end of the play.) But he is not evil. The people around him even his wife force him to do evil. Some of them are evil and others so obsessed with power that they have no conscience in the things they do.




The first and probably the most decisive reason for Macbeth’s turn to evil deeds, are the witches. The witches enter the play at the very beginning, it is clear that Shakespeare wants to get them into the story line as effectively as possible and what better way than to put them in the opening scene? James the first would have been thrilled at this point, to have his favourite interest obsession depicted in this play. James would have known instantly what these women are, however any normal person who isn’t intermit with the world of witch craft might not have.

Thankfully Shakespeare has been nice enough to think about other people who might be watching the play than the witchcraft obsessed king and decides to add some little things to get the message of witch craft across. They start talking about a battle. “When the hurly burly’s done, when the battles lost and won.” The audience has not seen any battle in the play yet and they won’t until the next scene. This insinuates that the strange women can tell the future, however, the audience may not necessarily jump to the conclusion that they are witches and therefore Shakespeare adds some words and phrases associated with witches. “ I come gray Malkin” (a grey cat). “ Paddock calls “ (a toad). As the witches leave they all same “fair is foul, and foul is fair hover through the fog and filthy air”.

In scene two, the battle that the witches predicted takes place. We are introduced to King Duncan and his son Malcolm; they are in conversation with a wounded sergeant who is informing them about how the battle is going. “As two spent swimmers, that do cling together and choke their art”. (This means both armies are so tired they are metaphorically holding onto each other to carry on fighting). The merciless Macdonwald worthy to be a rebel, for to that the multiplying villainies of nature do swarm upon him � from western Isles of kerns and gallowglasses is supplied; And fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling, Showd’d like a rebel’s whore” (Macdonwald the rebel is being described as having all the evil things on his side). “But all’s too weak; for brave Macbeth � well he deserves that name”. (Shakespeare is portraying Macbeth as a loyal servant of the king � someone who at least at this point seems to have no interest in claiming the crown of Scotland). Duncan seems pleased and grateful “O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman!” The battle scene it’s self is not relevant to this, suffice it to say Macbeth is given the honour of becoming the new Thane of Cawdor (the old one has betrayed King Duncan by giving information to the other side, he has been sentenced to death). Macbeth however does not know about this and as far has he is concerned he is only the Thane of Glamis.

Now we go into scene three and we are introduced to Macbeth for the first time, he is walking back to camp with Banquo. Shakespeare decides to remind the audience of Macbeth’s connection with the witches, Macbeth speaks for the first time “so foul and fair a day I have not seen”. This line is very similar to the line that all three witches said at the end of scene one. They meet the witches (by now most of the audience will have guessed that these women are indeed witches). All three witches greet Macbeth, the first witch says, “hail Macbeth Thain of Glamis”. The second witch says, “hail Macbeth Thain of Cawdor”. The third witch says, ”hail Macbeth that shalt be King hereafter”. Macbeth is intrigued but takes the witches words with a pinch of salt and leaves them. However, he is visited later by Ross and Angus they inform him of the King’s decision to make him Thane of Cawdor.



This makes Macbeth remember what the witches said. He writes a letter to his wife, and tells her the whole story. Macbeth’s wife is the second evil influence in his life. She immediately jumps to the conclusion that the only way Macbeth will be come King, is if he murders King Duncan. It is not known what Macbeth’s wife really is, Shakespeare does not make it clear at any point in the play. Some people in modern literature have speculated that Macbeth’s wife is herself a witch, it is true that she does use witchcraft later in the play to rid herself of her conscience and call up evil spirits. Others say she is simply highly ambitious and power hungry women, who is mentally stronger that her husband. In any case she persuades Macbeth to kill King Duncan on his imminent visit to their castle.

Duncan’s visit to the castle arrives; Macbeth’s wife goes to the highest tower in the castle and uses some form of witchcraft to rid herself of her conscience. “That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan, under croaks my battlements. Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, stop up the access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings of nature, shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between Th’effect and it! Come to my woman’s breasts, and take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers. Wherever in your sightless substances you wait on nature’s mischief! Come, thick night, and pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, that my keen knife see not the wound it makes, nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, to cry, ”Hold, hold!” This long speech is designed to thrill the audience, to make them understand something awful is going to happen soon.

Duncan arrives at the castle they have a huge celebration, which does not end until the third cock. Duncan goes to bed drunk and is asleep quickly. With some persuasion from his wife, Macbeth makes his way to Duncan’s room, on his journey Macbeth has a vision, a dagger floating in the air pointing to Duncan’s room. “Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee I have thee not and yet I see thee still! Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger or the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw” Macbeth is so upest with what he is about to do he is having hallucinations. Macbeth enters Duncan’s room and kills him with two daggers. He then returns to his wife covered with blood and still holding the daggers. Lady Macbeth instructs to take the knives back to the room but Macbeth is riddled with guilt and will not. Lady Macbeth snatches the daggers from Macbeth and goes herself. When she gets there she decides to create an alibi for herself and her husband, she places the bloody daggers next to Duncan’s drunken attendants and smears his blood on their faces and hands. Lady Macbeth goes back to her husband explains what she has done, they both wash hands in the well and go to bed. In the morning Lenox and Macduff call at Macbeth’s castle for the king. They are greeted by a dirty old porter, answering their knocks at the gate. Although this annoying old man has nothing of real interest to say, he is one of the play’s key sources of audience tension, because they know king Duncan has been murdered and he is delaying Macduff and Lenox finding out. “Knock, knock, knock! Who’s there I’the name of Belzebub? Here’s a farmer that hanged himself on the expectation of plenty. Come in time! Have napkins enow about you; here you’ll sweat for’t” he takes about five minutes to open the gate, the audience willl be on the edge of their seats. When he finally lets them in he keeps them talking for even more time and even asks for a tip! When Duncan is finally found, the attendants are still asleep with the blood on their faces and the daggers by their sides. When they are spotted Macbeth runs forward and kills them with his sword, in a so-called fit of rage. (Really this is just to silence the servants before they have a chance to verbally defend themselves). Duncan’s two sons flee to England as they are also suspected in the murder of their father. With no one else around Macbeth is made King and the witches prophecy has come true.

This is as far as we go as I am only analysing selected sections of the play, but I think this gives you some idea of the language Shakespeare used to captivate his audience throughout the entire play.



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fdi in india

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like fdi in india even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like fdi in india in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

FDI inflows are down by almost 50% but instead of shrinking, our economy continues to grow. This is a fact, yet FDI-ideologues say we must provide unconditional entry to foreign companies if we want to grow economically. Ignore them. The time has come to put curbs on FDI. Our ‘experts’ are obsessed with the premise that larger FDI inflows are essential for higher growth but there is hardly any empirical evidence to support the claim. On the contrary, restrictions on FDI have not necessarily led to poor economic performance in most countries. Numbers relating growth with FDI fail to prove any significant correlation between these variables. On the other hand, a strong and positive correlation between net domestic savings and GDP growth exists. For higher growth, we need more domestic savings, not FDI.

The focus on attracting FDI has led our policymakers to ignore domestic sources of investment. We should welcome the declining trend in FDI and get back to the domestic savings-led growth strategy. There is no shortage of capital in India, sound projects and efficient organisation will attract it. Certainly, the propaganda regarding inadequacy of local capital does not hold much water. It was not the lack of funds, but restrictions and limitations put by the government on Indian industry that crippled our economic progress in the last few decades. By negating Indian talent, investment and technology, we cannot progress. We must realise that India can only be built by Indians.

Like Africa and Latin America, most FDI inflows to India are directed towards exploiting natural resources. This needs to be curbed. More than capital, we want jobs. The entry of foreign firms in capital-intensive industry won’t reduce unemployment. There is no need or compulsion to allow foreign capital.




We are not obliged to provide investment opportunity or business incentives to foreign capital, particularly when our skilled workers are made unwelcome in developed countries. FDI should be allowed in specific areas if we need it, on terms warranted by national interest.



























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Cause and Effect of Price Wars

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When large sums of money are at stake, many companies bend and flex to their limits to guarantee defeat over the competition. Sometimes they take a loss in one area for a gain in another area. There is a cause for every action the company makes, and in return for their action there is an effect. Although the effect can sometimes be pre-determined, no one is really sure what the outcome is going to be until the time comes.

There are millions of cars on the road today and they all require tires. When an owner replaces the tires on his or her vehicle, they can decide what make and model will be on the car. But when a buyer purchases a new car, they do not have the option of which tires they would like.

There is severe competition in today’s tire market between Goodyear, Firestone, and Michelin. They all want their tire to appear on new cars. The tires that come on the car are usually determined by who has the lowest price for the best tires. But companies can bid too low in the heat of a price war. Since the company needs to make a profit on their product, the production cost is lowered, in tern the quality of the product could be lowered.




A perfect example of this happened in 17 between Goodyear and Firestone. They both wanted their tires to appear on the Ford Explorer. This brought a debate to the table. Who could make the better offer to Ford? Well, Firestone did. Goodyear could not match the price Firestone had offered, and at the same time meet their own quality standards. This caused Firestone to take that share of the market, and the effect of the low bid was to soon be realized.

Since Ford had accepted the low bid, Firestone did not have as much money to produce each tire. The lower price directly related to the lower quality of the tire. Also there was less budget for proper testing. Since, Firestone was quick to get their product mounted on the Explorer and on the market, the lower budgeted tire underwent poor, unrealistic testing. Investigators said that Ford never really tested these tires in real world conditions. They ran them at 0 miles per hour for 00 miles at and average temperature of 0 degrees, which is not exactly considered every day driving. The effect of these cheaper, lower quality tires was tread belt separation. This occurs when the tread of the tire peals away from the rest of the tire (http//archives………. )

The effect of the tire separation caused many more problems. Firestone was forced to recall 6.5 million tires. The tires that were affected buy the recall were the Radial ATX, Radial AXT II, and some Wilderness AT tires. Only the versions of these tires that have “VD” at the beginning of the serial number are affected. These tires are found mainly on the Ford Explorer and the Mercury Mountaineer. “We made some bad tires and we take full responsibility for those” said Firestone executive John Lampe (Naughton).

The effect of these 6.5 million recalled tires is starting to show through. “We have seen an alarming number of serious accidents from rollovers of the Explorer after a tire failure” said Firestone’s Lampe while arguing his defense in front of the supreme court. Evidence directly relates 10 deaths and 400 injuries to these tires. These statistics were based on 6 consumer complaints. There are also over 600 deaths alone from the Explorer rolling over, but not all have been investigated to determine if the tires were the cause. Unfortunately the number of deaths and injuries is rising every day due to more and more investigations. But many deaths and injuries caused by these tires may never be realized do to the fact that the accidents are too old to be investigated (Naughton).

The effect of the recall, injuries and deaths has brought this case in front of the Senate. Trying to protect themselves each company has begun to point fingers at one another. Ford President and CEO Jacques Nasser stated ”Firestone failed to share critical claims data with Ford that might have prompted the recall of these bad tires sooner.” As soon as the companies are pointing the finger at who is to blame they are also authorizing a recall for the tires that are effected. They promise you that if you go to a Ford dealer or and authorized Firestone dealer the tires will be replaced. But the problem is that 6.5 million effected tires is a lot to replace so there is a replacement tire shortage. Some places will put you on a waiting list for upwards of a year, while others will not have an answer for you. But saying who really is to blame is a tough decision. A recent Reuters Zogby poll found that in 5 blame Firestone, while only 1 in 15 blame Ford (Naughton).

Every time a person or a large company has a cause to do something there will always be an effect of that cause in return. The effect might benefit the decision maker or completely harm them. In this case the effect had a dramatic and dangerous outcome. Not saying that cheaper isn’t always better, but there has to be a quality and testing standard to help prevent situations like this. With 6.5 million tires being recalled, that isn’t exactly a small number of tires (Naughton).



Work Cited

“Big Blowout”. Keith Naughton. Newsweekonline April 00.

http//archives11.newsbank.com/nojavascript.html

Trouble with my tires ?. Newsweekonline. april. 00.

http//archives11.newsbank.com/ar-search/we/Archives?p_action=search&p_theme=NWEC&p_product=NWEC&p_perpage=0&s_search_type=keyword&p_text_base=Firestone&p_sort=_rank_%AD&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date%AB%CE&p_text_date-0=-1qzY&p_field_YMD_date-0=YMD_date&p_field_YMD_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_YMD_date-0=date%AB%CE&%5B+Search+%5D.x=54&%5B+Search+%5D.y=14 / .

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Adolescence: A phase of mass contradictions

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Adolescence: A phase of mass contradictions even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Adolescence: A phase of mass contradictions in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

The topic we will discuss today is the phase of adolescence in a person’s life. This is the phase that is considered to be the best years of one’s life and yet all those who have been through it cannot deny the fact that it is full of mental conflicts and contradictions where nobody can actually predict the mood swings one actually goes through.

Adolescence A phase of mass contradictions. This is one statement that no one can really deny. We will prove this point in the course of our paper and for our study on the topic though we will be considering one of the works by James Joyce, ‘Araby’.

The phase of adolescence is one that is full of idealism and very clear and distinct ideas about ‘light’ and ‘dark’, ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ and ‘black’ and ‘white’. The gray shades of life never really cross the minds of individuals of this age. People in this phase of their lives are extremely innocent and yet are in the phase where they are trying to come to terms with the new emotions based on various physical and emotional changes that they go through. It is in this phase that for the first time one comes across the emotions that seem very real and the most important thing at that point of life. We are pointing towards the starting of feeling attracted towards members of the opposite sex. A phase that though is felt as an embarrassment and a state of total mental and emotional turmoil at first yet becomes the focus of one’s life. We observe the same thing in the life of the adolescent in James Joyce, ‘Araby’.

“Every morning I lay on the floor in the front parlor watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen. When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped. I ran to the hall, seized my books and followed her. I kept her brown figure always in my eye and, when we came near the point at which our ways diverged, I quickened my pace and passed her. This happened morning after morning. I had never spoken to her, except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood.”




As we observe from the above passage which has been extracted from ‘Araby’ by James Joyce that like any other common adolescent the boy who is the main character of James’ story and who happens to be greatly infatuated with a girl who lives in the neighborhood is facing the same emotional havoc that all those people do who are at this particular phase of their lives.

This age group is also marked heavily with the traits of self-consciousness, which is characterized by being shy and tongue-tied every time one comes across one’s beloved.

A major part of this phase is also spent in daydreaming about carrying out heroic tasks to impress the beloved as we see with the boy in the story “I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes” (James Joyce ‘Araby’) or spending quality time with the beloved.

“Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance. On Saturday evenings when my aunt went marketing I had to go to carry some of the parcels. We walked through the flaring streets, jostled by drunken men and bargaining women, amid the curses of laborers, the shrill litanies of shop-boys who stood on guard by the barrels of pigs cheeks, the nasal chanting of street-singers, who sang a come-all-you about ODonovan Rossa or a ballad about the troubles in our native land.”

One feels like getting the world for one’s beloved and if something comes in between it causes great grief and anger as the boy himself felt when his uncle despite being reminded constantly had come home late and the boy got late in going to the market to get a gift for the girl he liked.

We also observe that the boy being extremely idealistic has a very strong belief in religion as well. When after reaching the market, the boy finally sees some very harsh realities of life he is highly disappointed with himself and life.

We conclude our essay by stating that the golden era of adolescence though sometimes full of sheer joy and sometimes extremely painful is totally full of contradictions yet when looked back in later age is one of the best and most joyful periods of one’s life.

www.eserver.org/fiction/araby.html

www.theliterarylink.com/araby_essays.html

‘Araby’ by James Joyce.

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A Doll's House

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Written during the Victorian era, the controversial play, “A Doll’s House” by Henrick Isben, features a female protagonist struggling for independence and self respect. During the time in which the play took place society frowned upon women asserting themselves. Women were supposed to play a role in which they supported their husbands, took care of their children, and made sure everything was perfect around the house. Work, politics, and decisions were left to the males. Nora serves as a symbol for women of the time; women who were thought to be content with the luxuries of modern society with no thought or care of the world in which they lived.

By presenting this theme of the relationship between women and their surroundings at the beginning, Ibsen indicates that this is the most basic and important idea at work in the play. As the play reveals, Nora does delight in material wealth, having been labeled a spendthrift from an early age. “You’re never at a loss for scaring up money; but the moment you have it, it runs right out through your fingers...Its deep in your blood. Yes, these things are hereditary, Nora” (Ibsen, 1), Torvald tells Nora. She has the attitude that money is the key to happiness. However, it is also clear that Noras simplistic approach to the world is not entirely her fault. Torvalds treatment of Nora as a small helpless child only contributes to Noras separation from reality. Just as Nora relates to the exterior world mainly through material objects, Torvald relates to Nora as an object to be possessed. He refers to her as his little lark (p.10), and squirrel” (p.11), implying that she is small and helpless. Similarly, Torvald repeatedly calls Nora his little one or little girl, maintaining the approach of a father rather than husband. Nora is fully dependent on Torvald, from money to diet (the macaroons); and, because she is so sheltered, her view of the world is deluded.

When Nora took upon herself to borrow money to save Torvald’s life, she was taking the first step to realizing that she can be in some control of her life. However, when pressed as to whether she will ever tell Torvald about the loan, she replies that she would, but only in time. For now, she believes that it would upset the lies that have built her home Torvalds manly independence and even the basis of their marriage . This suggests that Nora is at least vaguely aware that Torvalds position as the manly provider and lawgiver is just as fabricated as her role as the helpless child-wife and mother. She proved herself not to be helpless like Torvald implied you poor helpless little creature (Ibsen). However, Nora does not at first realize that the rules outside the household apply to her. This is evident in Noras meeting with Krogstad regarding her borrowed money. In her talk with Krogstad, Nora seems unable to accept that what she sees as acts of love could be seen as illegal and wrong. Nora explains, “The trip was to save my husband’s life. I couldn’t give that up” (p.). She refuses to believe that she is just as guilty as Krogstad. In her opinion, it was no crime for a woman to do everything possible to save her husbands life. She also believes that her act will be overlooked because of her desperate situation. She fails to see that the law does not take into account the motivation behind her forgery. Thus her first encounter with rules outside of her dolls house results in the realization of her naivety and inexperience with the real world.

By the end of the play this is evident as she eventually sees herself as an ignorant person, and unfit mother, and essentially her husbands wife. Nora has been spoon-fed everything she has needed in life, first by her father and then by her husband. Never having to think has caused her to become dependent on others. Not only a position in society, but also a state of mind is created. When circumstances suddenly place Nora in a responsible position, and demand from her a moral judgment, she has none to give. She cannot possibly comprehend the severity of her decision to borrow money illegally.




A Dolls House is also a prediction of change from this inferior roll. According to Ibsen’s play, women will eventually progress and understand her position. When Noras husband inadvertently deems her unfit in her role as a mother, she begins to realize that her actions consisting of playing with her children happily or dressing them nicely does not necessarily make her a suitable parent. She needs to be more to her children than a playmate. Although she progressively understands this position, she still clings to the hope that her husband will come to her protection and defend her from the outside world once her crime is out in the open. When she finally confronts Torvald with what she has done, he becomes understandably disturbed, “In all these eight years-she who was my pride and joy-a hypocrite, a liar-worse, worse-a criminal! How infinitely disgusting it all is!“ (p. 68). In his frustration he shares the outside world with her, the ignorance of the serious business world, she is extremely disappointed to discover that he clearly has no intention of sacrificing himself for her. This disillusion marks the final destructive blow to her dolls house.

Nora finally decides to leave Torvald, aware that a true marriage between them would be an act of a miracle because neither of them loves the other, or is even capable of doing so. Nora realizes that, before she can be a wife, she must first discover herself through venturing out into the world. “I have to try to educate myself. You can’t help me with that. I’ve got to do it alone. And that’s why I’m leaving you now...if I’m ever going to discover myself and the world out there” (7), Nora explains to Torvald. The one thing she is aware of is her ignorance, and her desire is not to prove herself but to discover herself. She must strive to find her individuality.



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Should Affirmative Action be allowed in medical schools?

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I feel that there should be Affirmative Action in Medical Schools. One way to reach true equality is with an Affirmative Action , (AA), plan for medical schools today. Many groups today are not given fair consideration when applying for the long and difficult challenge of medical school, In some schools, without Affirmation Action, the selection process could be one sided depending on the personal views and the social background of the selection board. Affirmative Action can be achieved in two ways. The first method would be by using the quota method which sets a base line for minority acceptance into medical school. The second method would be the case by case method. In this method you have no set base line but special factors and features are used in a selection process. This method is used to reach a goal of equality. Both issues are very controversial. The Deontological Issue for Affirmative Action is one of Compensation. That is a group that has been discriminated against in the past and they deserve some form of compensation. The Deontological Issue against Affirmative Action is that it is Reverse Discrimination. That is a white male was not selected to attend the school because the decision was based on his race or his gender. The ones against AA feel that they were better qualified but were denied entry because of a quota system. The

Utilitarian issues for AA are that the program gives them a chance where otherwise they would not have the opportunity to attend medical school. This program would help elevate them from their social and ethnic communities. Another argument is that a mix of ethnic and socially different people would make a stronger work and educational environment. Another argument would be that the dominate culture would benefit from the cross-culture exchange. Utilitarian arguments against AA are that fellow students will resent minorities that get preferential treatment which would erode morale and it would impose hardships on the individual receiving such treatment. Another argument would be that unqualified people would be accepted into medical school while the more qualified individual was denied admission. This also would cause tension among the groups. i

In review of the Bakke Case it comes to light that a well intended plan took a turn in the wrong direction. AA was intended to ensure that minorities got fair opportunities to attend medical school at the University of California. Mr. Bakke had applied for medical school twice. The first time he was rejected due to him being a few points short of the required entry score. The second time he scored well above the required mark and was rejected again. Bakke filed a reverse discrimination suite on the grounds he was discriminated against due to his race. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bakke due to the fact that he had been denied entry into medical school due to his race in favor o f less qualified students that were of minority group. The Supreme Court ruled that the inflexible quota system was a violation of the Affirmative Action programs of the school. This decision was rendered in favor of Mr. Bakke and all the while, the Supreme Court upheld the overall Affirmative Action policies. The Deontological Issue in this case was that one special group was receiving the benefits of a program at the expense of others. Many non qualified minorities were selected for medical school over many better qualified white students. In this case the Deontological Issues went completely in the opposite direction in which intended and caused the discrimination of a specific group in the name of quota. The Utilitarian Issue is that the acceptance of Mr. Bakke into medical school would benefit the greatest number of people under established acceptance criteria. ii

Affirmative Action has had a roller coaster ride since Executive Order 105 first recognized it. Many great strides have been taken such as the Civil Rights Act signed in July 164, Executive Order 1146 gave enforcement power to Affirmative Action in September 165, the Bakke decision of 178, Hopwood vs. University of Texas Law School in 16, and University of Michigan’s Affirmative Action policy upheld in 000. iii




It seems that many university officials attempt to withhold information on quota programs and Affirmative Action Policies that discriminate against the majority. The University of Texas Law School as well as the UC Berkeley’s School of Law was involved in a practice of grouping applicants by ethnic group or race. The AA that was in place was actually discriminating against groups due to the race or ethnicity. iv

I would like to think that we live in a world that is free from discrimination. This is not the case. Not only is there discrimination in the field of education but in every day life. There are daily issues on the equality issue of man vs. woman in comparable positions with great disparity in pay. There are many companies that will not allow women to be CEO or hold high positions in the company. There is a feeling in many places that minorities have less of a chance in life due to their social background. The list goes on to include age, color, social status, etc.

In conclusion, due to many variations of laws and standards, we do not all receive equal consideration on all things. Even when the intent was good but the outcome bad, as in many cases, reverse discrimination can occur. Affirmative Action is a good thing as long as the Utilitarian issue is addressed. Ensure that the outcome is best for the overall group, not just an individual. Diversity is good but not at the expense of better qualified individuals. We must have goals, not a quota.



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What is the role of image within external communication strategies?

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Nowadays, organizations are trying to achieve their goals through enhancing new effective methods of external communication. Nevertheless, before any goal could be set, communication must be established to share common needs, plans, thought and expertise inside the organization. According to Ober.S (18) communication is described as

� The means by which information is shared, activities are coordinated, and decision making is enhanced”

The two most important assets of an organization are its reputation as well as its image in the market. Thereby, most organization tends to develop their image through improving their public relations. On the other hand, success will be met through applying effective external communication strategies such as marketing. Public may be an individual or any organization that influence the organization, and from this point the job of the public relation manager arises. The public relation manager will be trying to control the public image of the company. Moreover, his job will include organizing occasions and events that will put the company under good light, and to ensure that the company is showing responsibilities toward the public.

Ali.M (001) & Teresta.V and Sarathy.R (14).






In most cases public relations and external communication appear to interact in their purposes. Both of them are used to create a well-deserved image of the organization. This can be achieved through the working on the following points



A) Communicating effectively with customers.

B) Offering excellent customer care & services.

C) And by showing social responsibility toward the work force & the environment.

Marketing is one of the strategies followed in external communication. Blyth.J (18) defined marketing as

� The management process which identifies the anticipates, and supplies customers requirements efficiently and profitably”

From this definition we may notice that public relations appear to support marketing activities. The table below shows us clearly how marketing and public relation work together.

Marketing objectives supportive PR activity

- To builds stronger and more lasting relation with the clients. 1) Organize a corporate hospitality event) Produce a quarterly customer newsletter.

- To increase the public� awareness of the organization. 1) Organize an open day.) Secure positive media coverage.

- To promote a new range of products more widely. 1) Organize trial sessions) Secure editorial in trade and consumer press.

Ali.M (001,page )

From this table we may conclude that PR and marketing activities should be co-ordinated in order to achieve the maximum impact. However, organization may reach to a point that external communication has to include public relations as an effective tool to support the image of the organization in the market.

To sum up we looked at communication, public relation as well as marketing. Nevertheless, no one can deny the importance of image within external communication strategies. In conclusion, organizations should work in improving their image as well as their reputation if they are aiming toward building an effective external communication strategies.

References

1) Ali.M; 001; Effective Public Relations; London Dorling Kindersley limited.



) Blyth.J; 18; Essentials Of Marketing; Great Britain; Pitman publishing.



) Ober.S; 18; Contemporary Business Communication; New York Houghton Mifflin company.



4) Teresta.V and Sarathy.R; 14; International marketing; 6th edition; USA Dryden press

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Preserving Human Capital

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Preserving Human Capital

11/1/0

By Joseph G. Bozek to satisfy the requirements of Principles of Management

Joseph G. Bozek




Research Paper Assignment

11/1/0

Preserving Human Capital

Since the beginning of modern history the world has changed significantly due to advancements in communication and transportation technology. Today, for example, the ability to effectively deliver a message to a recipient thousands of miles away using the Internet and other telecommunication networks has had a profound impact on business performance. Similarly, the ease in traveling to desired locations, near and far, by air transport has also had a positive effect on the entrepreneur’s capabilities in trade and commerce. Domestically and abroad, this expediency of movement and transaction has become known and termed as Globalization. Globalization has significantly contributed to a high standard of living in the West by providing developed countries with goods that necessitate and promote wealthy lifestyles. Americans, specifically, have been the subject of mass marketing and seemingly over consume goods that other countries desperately need for survival.

The earliest form of globalization existed in the colonial expansion of world powers such as Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, and Germany. The goals of these nations were to expand into larger areas such as Africa, South America, the United States, Canada, and countless Caribbean Islands in an effort to acquire capital generating resources of land and labor. Many ventures proved successful and facilitated trade routes optimizing the transport of goods creating an effective means of acquiring profit. Essentially this commerce paved the future and fortification of world dominance both financially and militarily. Ultimately, the colonized people who were subjected to relocation, humiliation, death, poverty, and religious missions incurred the largest expense. Consequently, the birth of capitalism developed and has since changed the course of economic history.

The fear of every historian and layman alike is that history tends to repeat itself as a consequence of ignorance and an inability to see past the restraints of profit. Today, as in the time of colonial expansion, ease in trade and commerce established by the World Trade Organization, The World Bank, and the European Union has spawned incredible discrepancies in global distribution. In economics, some would infer that the overall standard of living has increased, and that continuing a similar course of action will ultimately yield healthier, happier and a more educated people. Conversely, evidence has proven that globalization has also spawned mass destruction of non-renewable resources jeopardizing the sustainability of Earth’s eco-structure. In addition, detrimental effects are occurring on developing countries and their indigenous peoples. These range from controversial labor practices by protected corporations, to the possible elimination of political structures as a result of prevailing economic systems.

Globalization has had an incredible impact on the future sustainability of the earth due to an increase in total world population. Since 150 the world population has increased from two and a half to six billion people . Each individual generates a pattern of consumption demanding scarce resources allocated by large multi-lateral corporations. Globalization aids the process of allocative and technical efficiency in order to satisfy these wants. Acclaimed economist Hazel Henderson states, “…humans now consume forty percent of all net photosynthesized biomass produced on our planet.” This process is extremely destructive to earth’s natural resources because it forces the depletion of green space and the ecosystems within, promotes destructive resource extraction by mining for items such as coal, precious gems, and gold, and pollutes a countless number of water supplies.

Unfortunately, powerful corporations in control of production perpetuate this resource depletion. Powerful firms have a discretionary ability to decide on what to produce and where to produce it. International laws orchestrated by the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) are implemented to raise the “standard of living” in struggling countries reinforce this reality. For example, the logging trade has developed into a huge facet of developing countries economic, or lack there of, growth. Katie Sjursen states, “Boise Cascade has a plan to send twenty million board feet of tropical hardwood to the United States…The international paper corporation helped push for passage of Mexico’s Forest Reform Law, which eases environmental restrictions and provides for privatization of industrial forests.” South America has seen the horrible effects of the resulting self-interest of corporations that hinder sustainability and growth.

Beyond South America, similar practices of corporate global destruction impede on other national economies as well. Mining practices of late practically disregard the environment in daily practices such as extracting gold, coal, and precious gems. Katie Sjursen again states, “Gold Mining in the Philippines has cut large swaths of destruction in tropical rainforests, and many have charged that it is contaminating water sources.” These unethical practices and blatant disregard for the environment are imposing on the basic human physiological needs of people on a global scale. What is more interesting to note are the effects globalization has had on indigenous people and developing and socialist countries as a whole.

The crisis of logging tropical rainforests has reached astronomical heights in areas where tropical wood can be extracted. In South American countries, such as Bolivia, indigenous people are experiencing a cycle of forced economic survival having no choice but to clear-cut their virgin forest to support their families. In the lowlands of Bolivia in South America the Chimanes Indians comprise a large population of illegal loggers. They are forced to break ineffective governing laws of forest conservation to satisfy an international demand. Nathan Williamson, an anthropologist who documents and describes this predicament with professional care states, “The Chimanes are self-sufficient in many ways, but they still need to make money. Although the work is hard and the proceeds are meager, illegal logging is the easiest way to increase income.” Much of this income goes directly to goods that cannot be bartered, such as school supplies and books for their children. This element of globalization creates a paradox between those that need and those that already have.

Another contradiction lies in the fact that many developed countries supporting the WTO and World Bank establish free trade zones in developing countries. This is seemingly appropriate to stimulate growth and progress, but many of these countries (including the U.S.) do not open their economic system of accepting goods. Joseph E. Stiglitz, a former member of President Clinton’s Council of Academic Advisors indicates, “The Western Countries have pushed poor countries to eliminate trade barriers, but kept their own barriers, preventing developing countries from exporting their [products] depriving them of desperately needed export income.” The irony here is ever prevalent and continues a cycle of destructive co-dependency that underdeveloped countries have with developed countries.

Following the example set forth of an increasing hypocrisy between developed and underdeveloped countries, it is extremely interesting to recognize the opinions of socialist countries that have no free trade zones. Perhaps the most fascinating example of the effects of globalization on socialist countries is Cuba. In the late 150’s the U.S., under President John F. Kennedy, implemented a trade embargo in response to Fidel Castro’s alliance with the Soviet Bloc. This embargo essentially stopped the import and export exchange of Cuban and American goods while espousing travel between countries. Aside from these policies based on American trade, Cuba still remains a communist country that doesn’t participate in the global free market. Castro’s position on globalization reflects the gradual economic destruction Cuba has incurred in the past forty years. He states for all similar countries, “There are countries enduring such poverty and unemployment that they have had to establish dozens of free-trade zones. It is this, or not having even free-trade zone factories and jobs with certain salaries, even if these amount to only five percent or less of the salaries those factories have to pay in the countries they come from.” Essentially Castro indicates the plight and self-defeat of accepting free-trade zones encouraged by globalization because labor is so inexpensive, thus resulting in an unequal distribution of income. Castro believes that participating in globalization is ultimately detrimental to the sustainability of the earth and her inhabitants.

Globalization has also spawned extreme discrepancies in labor practices through corporations that violate basic human rights. Often, in an underdeveloped country the only solidarity workers have is their common purpose. Corporations have grown incredibly alert to these occurrences and work extremely hard to make sure that union oriented programs cannot be conducted. If indeed workers proved successful in unionizing, than the potential for a proletariat uprising would be eminent; shifting power from the bourgeoisie business owners. Activists’ Kimberly Elliot and Richard Freeman indicate, “At the Gap’s Mandarin supplier in El Salvador, the struggle began when management fired union organizers to prevent workers from forming a union.” This unfortunate occurrence signifies the on-going struggle of workers in underdeveloped countries due to the accepted global practices of large corporations such as Gap Clothing. Because of the cheap labor and lack of strong legal restrictions, sweatshops are an intricate part of underdeveloped countries economies. Again the activists state, “The vast majority of sweatshops are located in underdeveloped countries. In 000, 85 percent of US consumption of foot wear and more than 50 percent of apparel was imported.” This clearly indicates that most global clothing corporations manufacture goods in their own self-interest, disregarding indigenous people.

Aside from these blatant violations of human rights, corporations have additionally employed children as laborers. These children are forced into work because their socio-economic status is so low that families have come to depend on their income as a means of survival. This perpetuated cycle is occurring as generations of children are missing their opportunity for an education. Fidel Castro espousing these practices states, “The low income of the third world countries’ population and the high percentage of households depending on only one income are one of the main reasons why child labor is higher in the underdeveloped world than elsewhere.” Fidel Castro reinforces the idea that wages are not nearly enough to sustain a prosperous and meaningful life in the third world.

The final piece of globalization that is detrimental to the world at large is the growing influence on political decisions that world economics asserts. Today, foreign policy is usually directed by the amount of monetary gain that can be attained by engaging in diplomacy. Many African states have been the product of this methodical cost-benefit strategy implemented by economically developed nations. US foreign policy is heavily dependent on this system, and is motivated to prevent any possible losses that may be incurred do to poor policy objectives. Attached is a table reflecting the IMF investment in African states between 18-14. It is more than clear that the states with the highest investment are those that are fairing better than states that are currently in chaos. This proves that economic investments are carried out on the basis of the return on investment. Ultimately, this portrays the importance of economics over politics, indicating the unfortunate change of focus in globalization. Conversely, it is speculated that the political system of human representation will eventually cease to be, and the new direction will be based upon the interest of the global economy. Acclaimed economist Robert Gilpin states, “For critics of globalization, victory of the market means the end of the state as the protector of the economically weak against the economically strong, and the supremacy of ruthless market forces and those who control such forces.” Consequently, the rich become wealthier and the poor become even more desolate.

In conclusion, globalization is a force that cannot be reckoned with. It is with us in every aspect of our lives ranging from clothing, food, automobiles, and any other good we have come to depend on. In the end, the person who produces the goods by working countless hours receives a marginal amount of the actual profit derived by the corporation. The detrimental aspects of globalization include questions of the sustainability of the Earth’s environment, the effects on indigenous people and developing countries, and whether or not the economic forces contributing to this global economy will ultimately replace political structures that reflect individual choice. It is very difficult to say whether or not we will benefit from globalization in the long-term. Clearly one goal remains, this is assuring that human society as a whole learns to chose consciences decisions when making consumer purchases; and more importantly, elected officials change their priorities to promote the welfare of all of humanity and its global environment.



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Death and dying

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There are many life-changing investments we make which require a great deal of thought and research. One of them is choosing a career path. The first step towards this decision is made when we choose our academic path in university. From then on it is a process of researching options and career paths that will satisfy our needs. I feel these past years in university have been the most influential in my life. Throughout this paper I will try to demonstrate my experiences and my professional development in recent years. After careful review of the theories presented in class, Hollands, Gottfredson and Browns theories are the most accurate in assessing my experiences. it is my belief that through expeience and personal development my decision making criteria in respect to a potential career path has shifted from a Gottfredson type to a Browns Type.(change wording here)

Taking part in the co �op program at university, has allowed me experience different fields of work. The experience is excellent in helping one to determine their needs and interests. This can also be classified as a process of elimination. Once a work term is complete the student will have a good feel for that particular field of work and will be able to assess the option to excel in that field or they will be able to eliminate it from their list of options.

Dr.John Hollands theory of vocational choice applies to every student in the co-op process. When I apply to co-op postings my primary objective is to find something which suits my interests. Assumption three from Hollands theory states, individuals search for environments that will allow them to utilze skills, express attitudes and values and take on suitable roles. This is a powerful assumption and one that I feel is very important in determining whether an individual is satisfied with their work placement. Personally, it is first priority for me to find a work placemetn in which I can utilize and add to my skills set. This provides a personal and professional challenge in the work environment. Personal in that I can apply my academic knowledge and professional in that I am given the opportunity to advance my existing skills and add to them. After completing the self-assessment in the career manual my Holland’s code, similar to my SDS code, was ESA. This is fascinating because after looking back to my work placements it is consistent. For instance my first work placement was working with OPSEU pension trust where I worked in the pensioner services department. This position was consistent with the letter S in the hollands code. In this position I dealt with retired pensioners on a daily basis on the phone or in person. It required a lot of skill with working with people, retirees reaquire a lot of attention and patience. IT ws almost a form of counciling. I was excellent in this position and I enjoyed it thoroughly. This first work placement was a very good first step towards a satisfactory career path. ( another aspect of my life which is consisten with this code is that I was a peer mediator throughout high school. )

Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise is another powerful predictor of how individuals make their career choices. I find this theory outlines my frame of mind in the earlier developmental stages in regards to making a career choice. The theory states that career decisions are a developmental process and that we pick career choices which are consistent with the image we would like to up hold in society. Individuasl will use social criteria such as gender stereotypes and social status of occupations more then interests in making a career choice. However since it is a developmental process, it takes a long period of time to make these decisions.




I find in todays world social status is becoming an increasingly significant factor in making our life choices and career choices. I have been brought up to think about my social status and almost conditioned to strive to better my status as I grow and make my own career choices. I followed this mindset from my first year of university when applying to co-op positions. In this co-op process Gottfredson’s choice strategy applies in that when we are making our decisions to apply to particular jobs we are restricted in the amount we can apply to. Therefore at that time we must stop to consider our options and we create a zone of acceptable alternatives for ourselves.

My image or self-concept has developed gradually over the years. With every co �op term I have gained further insight into the areas I would like to focus on and my stereotypes of occupations have increased. For instance my second work placement at the Ministry of Enterprise, Opportunity and Innovation was not satisfying. It did not coincide with my self-perceptions at the time. Once I started my term I realized that this job would not stimulate and challenge me. It was a step down the latter. Therofre in my next round of applying to jobs, I eliminated government positions from my options. In this time around I was more strict in creating my zone of alternative choices. This stage of my life was critical. My personal interests and values were becoming increasingly important in determining my career path. In reference to Gottfredson stages of circumscription, I feel that age 14 to start the final stage may be to young. I found that I started to engage in eliminating alternatives , determining acceptable alternatives at the university level.

At this point Hollands code can be discussed again in further detail. In this process of my development I (got invov ed with dancing as a hobbie and) started researching into an international work placement. These two new developments in myself are consistent with my code, ESA. The theory states that an Enterprising individual is one with a sense of adventure and impulse. my dream since my second co-op placement was to attain a position with an international company. I was persistent and although it took 1 full year I did finally get a job in London, England with an accounting firm, Hurst Morrison Thomson. Travellilng to another country was the most memorable experience although accounting is not my ideal career path the adventure and the thrill of learning about a differenet lifestyle and culture in another country was unbelievable. It was very educational and proved to be a big step in my self �developmetn process personal ly and professional ly.

This is where Browns Value based theory starts to fit into my life. After spending the summer working in England away from home, my personal values have started to shine on my decision making process. One of the assumptions of the theory states that career decisions should not be isolated events, they should be considered together with other life roles. A career is a part of ones life, it should not be something that is there just to gain wealth or increase our social status. Those characteristics are important but I realize now that they should not be the basis for our decision in choosing our career path.

Previous to getting this international work placement, my objective was to attain a position with a top firm in the business world and to make a good salary which would increase my social status and provide me with all the personal needs to satisfy my life outside of work. I’m not sure what it was that changed, maybe I reached a level of maturity in the development process personally or the increase in knowledge about the outside world, but my outlook in the process of choosing a career path as changed drastically. Values now play a very important role in making my decision. I am currently applyin to graduate positons with companies and my values along with my interests play a major role when I create my zone of acceptable alternatives.

Hollands states that one should not ignore the occupations we considering. A career in education is a dream from childhood. I gave up this dream in order to reach for higher goals. As I went through the circumscription process identified by Gottfredson, I started eliminating my options and one that I eliminated was a career in education. Teaching at a high school level or below was something of interest but not an option for me, becuae I did not feel there was enough of a challenge.

One of my most prioritized values is to teach by experience. This value stems from my cultural background. Being raised by east Indian parents is demanding and there are many expectations. In all aspects of my life I attempt to teach others by the experiences of my own life. This has always been a personal goal for me. I did not think I would be able to apply it to a career path because, there was no available option in which my value would be satisfied. A career in education was not stimulating and challenging for m e therefore I eliminated this option out of my alternatives and focused on other lower ranked values and interests. However I understand now that I would not be happy compromising my highest held value. My career will be a part of my daily life and I want it to be a reflection of my highest held value.

In re-evaluating my career goals identifying and priortizing my values has helped me see the end result in a new light. I am now currently considering a career in education at a university level. This is consistent with my values and it will prove to be a challenge.

It is interesting to note that in referring to my SDS code and Hollands code they are both consistent with this career path that I have choosen to embark upon. Under the SDS code many of the occupations listed are to do with a career in education. In reference to Hollands code the areas of education areas listd in each of the samples under EAS are ones in which I would love to pursue further study. Under Enterprising individual, Finance and Economics is listed and that is the major I am pursuing.

In conclusion, I feel that Browns Value based model fits best in my life and my career decision making process. Hollands Thoery of Voc ational choice is very accurate in outlining my areas of interests and it has inspired me to reseach further into specific fields of work. However identifyin my values in a clear and consise fashion has helped me set my short term and long term goals, not only professionally but also academically. My career is not only a part of my life but it is my life.



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Semiconductors

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Semiconductors even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Semiconductors in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

What is a semiconductor and what is the basis of this classification?

A semiconductor is a material that intermediates between a conductor and an insulator.

Electrical conduction represents the ability of a material to conduct electric charges. Some materials are very good at it and are called conductors; the materials that are hopeless at it are called insulators.

Semiconductors (aka semi-insulators) are not very good at it. But under certain conditions, they can almost be a conductor.




What are the electron shells in an atom?

Electrons ‘revolve’ around the nucleus but they do not have the same orbit. The organization of electrons within an atom is actually a very difficult problem, which is solved by a discipline called quantum physics.

Electrons occupy orbits that are called energy levels. The first orbit closest to the nucleus in the K-shell (or shell 1); the second orbit, further away is the L-shell (or shell ); the third shell is the M-shell (or shell ), etc.

However each level can only carry a maximum no. Of electron which is n^ (n is the level no.)

What is the distribution of electrons in the Silicon atom?

Silicon (Si) atomic no. Are 14

· electrons go into the level 1

· 8 electrons go into the level

· 4 electrons go into the level

How are the ‘energy levels’ and electron shells in an atom related?

What are ‘orbitals’?

Orbitals are finer subdivisions of the energy levels.

Where are the lowest energy states for electrons found?

Energy dictates how the energy levels arrange themselves in the atom. The lowest energy states are the most stable. They are also closer to the nucleus.

What are the valence electrons and why are they so important?

If we look at how the electrons fill the orbitals, we notice that the elements that belong to the same column of the periodic table (e.g. sulfur and oxygen) have the same no. of outermost electrons. These are called the valence electrons they drive the chemical, electronic and optical properties of the elements.

What happens when two atoms of the same species approach each other?

As they move closer together, the energy levels broaden into bands to accommodate more electrons. In a material, which contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous band. The gap between the bands represent energies that no electron can possess. They are forbidden states.

What happens in materials, which contain many atoms?

In a material that contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous band.

What is significant about the gap between electron bands in such materials?

The gap between electron bands and such materials is significant because it represents energies that no electrons can posses. It is a forbidden state.

The highest energy band that is occupied by one or more electrons is called the valence band. The next higher vacant level is called the conduction band. Conduction and valence band are separated by a gap, which represent a set of energies that electrons cannot have.

What do we term the highest energy band occupied by one or more electrons?

In a material, which contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous bands.

What so we call the band above this (normally with no electrons in it)?

The gap between the bands represent energies that no electron can possess, they are forbidden states.

What separates the valence and conduction bands?

The highest energy band that is occupied by one or more electrons is called the valence band. The next higher vacant level is called the conduction band.

The conduction and valence band are separated by a gap, which represent a set of energies that electrons cannot have.

Two atoms of the same species, as they move closer together, the energy levels broaden into bands to accommodate more electrons. In a material, which contains many atoms, the energy levels form a continuous band. The gap between the bands represents energies that no electrons can posses, forbidden states.

What are the three possible positions of the mezzanine level that the creatures can jump to?

You can adjust the height of the mezzanine level to see how the creatures jump. There are three positions available low, medium and high.

What happens when the heat is turned on?

The creatures get a little bit excited they move faster and jump higher; the mezzanine level is occupied from time to time.

What happens when the mezzanine level is raised to the high level and the heat is turned up?

When the level of the mezzanine is raised. Our creatures want to find some space but they cannot jump high enough to reach the mezzanine level, they don’t have enough energy. When the heat is turned on the creatures get excited but they do not have enough energy to jump on the mezzanine, which remains unoccupied.

What happens when the heat is on and the mezzanine has been lowered a little?

Which variations of the experiment model the behaviour of the electrons in

i.) Conductors?

ii.) Insulators?

iii.) Semiconductors?

Describe an insulator in terms of the energy bans of electrons in a material

In an insulator the valence band is completely filled with electrons. The energy between the gaps and the conduction band is large. Electrons do not have enough energy to jump to the conduction band.

Describe a conductor in terms of the energy bands of electrons in a material. What is the relationship between the valence band and the conduction band in a conductor?

In a conductor, the valence band is partially filled with electrons. The electrons can move freely inside the valence band throughout the solid. They don’t need to jump the energy gap. The valence band is the conduction band.

Describe a semiconductor in terms of the energy bands. How big is the gap between the valence and conduction bands? How can electrons gain enough energy to move between valence and conduction bands?

In a semiconductor the valence band is completely filled with electrons just like in the insulator. However the energy gap between the valence and the conduction band is small. Electrons can get enough energy to jump to the conduction band. The surplus of energy can be brought by different sources temperature and illumination.

What are two examples of semiconductors?

Silicon and germanium.

What are some uses of semiconductors?

Until the invention of the transistor, semiconductors were just a scientific curiosity. Since then, they have become the key material in electronics. They can be used to amplify signals, to detect radiation, to emit light, etc.

Semiconductors are present in our every day life.

What are the useful properties of semiconductors based on?

Semiconductors have many useful properties that conductors and insulators do not possess. These properties are based on the fact that an electron can jump from the valence band to the conduction band and vice versa.

How is a HOLE generated and where is it created?

The hole is created when an electron in a semiconductor jumps from the valence band to the conduction band.

However the scientists decided to give a scientific name to this empty space and call it the hole.

Which are the important electrons?

Some electrons and holes play an important role in the electrical conduction in semiconductors

· These electrons are the ones that jumped in the conduction band.

· These holes are the ones that are created in the valence band.

What charges do holes have? Can they move? How fast do they move compared with electrons? In which direction do they move compared to electrons?

Electrons have a negative charge. Holes have a positive charge.

Electrons and holes are not static they can move. Holes move more slowly than electrons. When electrons move in one direction, holes move in the opposite direction.

What does it mean to say that an electron or hole is ‘free’?

A solitary electron in the presence of a solitary hole will recombine.

Only electrons and holes that are free, and hence have not recombined, play a role in electrical conduction.

What are two ways that an electron-hole pair can be created? What is the phenomenon called caused by light?

· Temperature can give this little extra energy to an electron and make it jump to the conduction band thus creating a hole in the valence band.

· Light can also give this energy boost and create what scientists call an electron-hole pair a free hole and a free electron this phenomenon is called absorption.

What is photoconductivity?

Photoconductivity is the increase of current in a semiconductor due to the absorption of photons.

What causes photoconductivity?

Light has a dual nature it behaves as a wave and a particle.

The particle associated with light is called a photon. Photons can have different energies.

When light illuminates a semiconductor

· The photons with the right energy are absorbed by the material.

· The electrons from the valence band have enough energy to jump to the conduction band.

· The conductivity increases due to the higher number of electrons in the conduction band.

The movies show photons of red light failing to cause photoconductivity while those of blue light do cause it. How is this explained in terms of the band gap energy required by electrons and Planck’s equation (E=hf)?

The electrons need a minimum energy to jump to the conduction band. This minimum energy is the energy gap between the valence band and the conduction band. Photons with energy greater than the energy bandgap of the material will be absorbed.

What is electroluminescence?

Electroluminescence is the conversion of electrical energy into light.

How does electroluminescence work?

Let’s consider electrons in the conduction band. These electrons are in an excited state they have gained some energy to jump to the conduction band.

Such electrons eventually fall into the valence band in a lower energy state

· They release the extra energy that they have.

· This energy is emitted as a photon

Why is the resulting light called incoherent?

Photons emitted by electroluminescence come out in random directions this type of light is called incoherent light.

How is stimulated emission different from electroluminescence?

Stimulated emission is a bit like electroluminescence except that it is not a spontaneous process the excited electron is forced into jumping back to the valence band and emitting a photon.

What does it mean to say that electrons are in an ‘excited state’?

Let’s suppose that we sent photons

· These photons stimulate the electrons in the conduction band.

· The electrons fall back into the valence band.

What stimulates the emission of photons?

Photons emitted by stimulated emission have the same energy as the incident photons and are in step with each other this type of light is called coherent light.

What does it mean to say that the light is coherent? What sort of device causes light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation?

Stimulated emission and electroluminescence convert information and energy from an electronic to an optical form.

However in the case of stimulated emission, we have a coherent light emitting device. Or a LASER

Changing the Properties of Semiconductors - DOPING



This section is about creating p and n type semiconductors by doping elements like germanium and silicon with other elements like phosphorus and boron.

An n-type semiconductor has electrons in the conduction band as the majority carriers of charge. The ‘n’ type comes from the fact that electrons are negative.

A p-type semiconductor has holes in the valence band as the majority carriers of charge. The ‘p’ comes from the fact that holes are opposite of electrons and can be thought of as the equivalent of positive charge.

What is doping?

In material sciences, doping refers to the introduction of foreign impurity atoms in a material in order to change or alter its performance.

Doping is very important and extensively used in the semiconductor industry to change the electrical properties of a semiconductor.

How many valence electrons does silicon have and what shell are they in?

Atomic number 14

It has three shells in the first, 8 in the second and 4 in the third.

What bonding is present in the lattice of silicon?

Silicon atoms are bound to each other by what is called a covalent bond.

The silicon atoms co-operate and lend each other their outer electrons in order to have eight in the outer shell, which is a stable configuration.

How do you dope silicon to get a p-type semiconductor?

With boron.

How doe you dope silicon to get an n-type semiconductor?

With phosphorus.

Compared to silicon how many valence electrons does phosphorus have?

Atomic number 15

Compared to silicon how many valence electrons does boron have?

Atomic number 5

How is it that, if silicon is doped with phosphorus, you have an extra electron which is free to move within the crystal? I.e. How has the phosphorus created a donor site?

Replace the central silicon atom in lattice with a phosphorus atom. 4 out of the 5 outer electrons are the phosphorus are shared with the other silicon atoms. However, we have an extra electron which is free to move in the crystal.

Phosphorus has created a donor site because it is able to donate one of its outer electrons.

How does doping silicon with boron create an acceptor site (a hole)?

Replace the central silicon atom by a boron atom. The outer electrons of the boron are shared with the other silicon atoms. However, it is one electron short.

Boron has created an acceptor site because it is ready to accept an electron to complete the bond.

Define an n-type semiconductor.

In the case of silicon

· If we have a lot of phosphorus in a silicon crystal

o We have a lot of free electrons.

· If we have a lot of boron in a silicon crystal

o We are short of electrons or in other words, we have a lot of free holes.

When the majority carriers are electrons, the semiconductor is said to be of n-type.

Define a p-type semiconductor.

When the majority carriers are holes, the semiconductors are said to be of p-type.

http//www.vosislab.usyd.edu.au/photonics/devices/index.html

Mind that the sample papers like Semiconductors presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

pros and corns of coputer

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I srongly believe that computer has a great role in todays education.it helps studens in many ways.

Computers saves a lot of time rather than wasting on writing and storing that.Iformations are readily accessible as it can be stored in datas.The websites helps in finding out vast variety of material for researches rather than searching in libraries for material.

Some courss like computer aplication cannot be taught without the computer.Distance learning is also possible throuh computers .Its an excellent Type writer.

But it has got some bad effects on children. bad typing spped may spoil time.Children get addicted to it then they may forget their other work and become socially withdrawn,.They may develop some medical problems such as vision problem,Backache due to over use.Also they watch unsensored programme which is not healthy.It also decreases the cognitive and the mental development of the child. The practical aspects of the study is totally not possible eg chemistry experiments , dissections.So children should be given practical experiences also. More over they should be closely observed while on coputers.they should be given proper gidance.Vision shoul be checke devery yearly.Children can be in a fatasy world so they should be made aware of the fact that it;s not real.Children should be encouraged with study material than the games.It is not allways possible due to the lack of enoug telephone lines. The connections are too expensive. Some schools doesnt have good wiring system and lack good supporting system if theh system gets down. so these all thing to be managed more over there should be enoug teachesrs who are trained




In conclusion it has both positive and neative values

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PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Communication is a transaction, There are at least two parties to it. These are the sender of the message called the communicator and the receiver of the message called the audience. What is sent is the message. Thus these are the three basic elements in communication A message may be sent but the audience may ignore it. In that case, communication would not have taken place. Thus for communication to take place, it is assumed that the audience is involved in some way or another. The message that the communicator sends must be understood by the receiver. This involves encoding and decoding. The message must also be be transmitted through a communication channel and may be distoted by noise. The different steps of communication involve the following


The Communicator The process of communication begins when the communicator feels the need for passing on some information. He is the sender of the message. For example when a person sees a friend he utters a greeting. This act of greeting conveys to the friend that he has been recognized and that he is now expected to respond. Now the communicator has become the source of the message.


Encoding The message will be understood by the audience if it is appropriate form. Putting the message in appropriate signals is called encoding. Encoding may take the form of words, numbers, gestures, body posture, facial expressions etc. The encoding of a message depends on the situation. To pursue the above example, if his friend has not seen him, the communicator may greet him verbally, if he has seen him, the sender may use a gesture such as raising a hand and waving.


Transmitter or Medium In its encoded form the message is fed into an appropriate transmitter. In the case of verbal signals, a common transmitter is speech, sounds and written words.





Channel The encoded signals have to be transmitted through a communication channel. In the case of verbal signals, that may be air, telephone wires or printed pages.


Noise As the signal passes through the channel, it may get distorted. Distortions of any kind are referred to as noise. Thus noise is anything that interferes with the transmission of the message. Humming in telephone wires. Static on radio, poor picture or sound transmission on television or even spelling errors on a printed page are all examples of noise.


Decoding The receiver picks up the signals from the channel and decodes it. Decoding consists of transforming the signals into the message. To illustrate, a person who witnesses the deaf and dumb signs and translates the gestures into words is decoding. The same is being done by the reader of a printed page, he is translating the printed signs into words. If the signals are carried by sound waves, the receiver decodes them to a verbal message.


The Audience The destination of the message is the audience. The decoded message reaches the audience, who interprets it in order to find out the information that the message contains. The audience, though is not a passive receiver of the message, even in the case of the most clear messages, the audience may not do what the communicator wants the receiver to do. This is because the cues about the interpretation of the message come from non-verbal and paralinguistic factors too.





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